不。 收到加拿大边境服务局(CBSA)的遣返面谈信(Removal Interview Letter)或报到通知(Direction to Report)本身并不意味着您必定且无法更改地被遣返回伊朗。然而,这确实意味着您的移民档案已进入实质性的执法阶段。如果不立即采取法律行动,遣返令的实际执行可能会非常迅速。
目录
快速概述:CBSA面谈与最终遣返的对比
| 阶段 / 文件 | 法律意义 | 是否自动暂缓遣返? |
|---|---|---|
| CBSA面谈 / 报到通知 | 后勤规划阶段(核对旅行路线、护照和离境日期)。 | 否(必须手动启动法律程序)。 |
| 审理中的H&C申请 | 基于人道主义和同情理由的审查程序。 | 否(不能阻止有效的遣返令)。 |
| 联邦法院批准暂缓(Stay) | 法院下令暂时停止遣返程序的司法命令。 | 是(停止遣返直至法院作出最终判决)。 |
法定框架:《移民与难民保护法》(IRPA)下的可执行遣返令
当遣返令变为可执行时,加拿大边境边防部门将承担严格的法定驱逐义务。根据《移民与难民保护法》(IRPA)第48(1)条:
“A removal order is enforceable if it has come into force and is not stayed.”
也就是说,遣返令在生效且未被暂缓执行的情况下即可执行。随后,IRPA第48(2)条命令必须迅速采取行动:
“If a removal order is enforceable, the foreign national against whom it was made must leave Canada immediately and the order must be enforced as soon as possible.”
这意味着,尽管CBSA在法律上必须推进遣返程序,但法律明确承认,只有在未被暂缓执行的情况下才能执行该命令。如果法律或司法暂缓令生效,整个驱逐程序必须立即停止。
报到通知与CBSA面谈的真正含义
当您收到CBSA遣返面谈信时,该机构正在组织后勤工作:评估护照、确定旅行路线、验证过境许可并设定暂定的离境窗口。它代表了执法迈出的实际一步,而不是最终的法律定论。
联邦法院已明确,进入这一操作阶段并不会剥夺外国公民的法律救济权利。在 Girn v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness), 2023 FC 一案中,法院概述了执法官员所受到的限制:
“the enforcement officer is required to enforce the removal order as soon as possible; that their discretion is restricted to determining when, and not if, the removal will be executed”
虽然官员的裁量权集中在遣返的“时间”而非“取消”上,但该案本身表明法律救济途径依然有效。在 Girn 案中,申请人参加了多次面谈并收到了正式的报到通知:
“A further, seventh, removal interview took place on December 19, 2023 where Mr. Girn was served with a Direction to Report for removal on January 1, 2024… On December 22, 2023, Mr. Girn proceeded to seek a deferral of his removal”
这表明,CBSA面谈虽然意味着风险严重升级,但它仍然是一个可以通过适当法律途径提出抗辩的过程。
联邦法院暂缓遣返伊朗的司法判例
司法历史证实,即使在CBSA安排了明确的离境日期并签发了报到通知之后,加拿大法院也经常介入。例如,在 Razon v. Canada, 2022 FC 一案中,法院在执法后勤安排最终确定后介入:
“On September 14, 2022, Mr. Razon received a Direction to Report for Removal. On September 16, 2022, he requested deferral of his removal… THIS COURT ORDERS that the motion for a stay of removal is granted.”
针对遣返伊朗的特殊司法保护
联邦法院对面临被遣返回德黑兰的个人应用了完全相同的法律保护。在 Sharifpouran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2023 FC 一案中,法院阻止了已安排的遣返:
“The applicant shall not be removed from Canada until his application for leave and judicial review of the October 25, 2023, decision refusing to defer his removal is finally determined.”
同样,在 Akbari v. Canada, 2021 FC 一案中,尽管此前已完成了遣返前面谈,法院依然暂停了已安排的启程:
“their removal to Iran scheduled for July 10, 2021 is stayed for a period of four (4) months”
在另一宗涉及伊朗的重要案件 Nayeb Pashaei v. Canada, 2021 FC 212 中,遣返程序被法院成功暂缓:
“the order that the Applicant is to be removed from Canada to Iran is stayed pending final disposition of the Applicant’s application for leave and judicial review”
这些裁决强调,收到CBSA遣返面谈信并不意味着飞往伊朗已成定局。
可用的法律救济手段:延期、暂缓执行与PRRA
根据您具体个案的移民历史,可以使用几种特定的法律框架来挑战或暂停有效的遣返程序。
1. 向CBSA申请行政延期 (Deferral Request)
当事人可以正式要求内陆执法官员暂时推迟已安排的遣返。然而,申请人必须明白,这种行政裁量权是非常狭窄的。正如 Baron v. Canada, 2009 FCA 81 所述:
“It is trite law that an enforcement officer’s discretion to defer removal is limited.”
上诉法院进一步指出,等到最后时刻才启动次要申请并不能阻止遣返程序的进行:
“the filing of such an application, at a late stage in the removal process, was not per se an impediment to removal.”
2. 通过联邦法院申请司法暂缓遣返 (Stay of Removal)
如果CBSA内陆执法官员拒绝了延期请求,主要的法律救济手段是在加拿大联邦法院提出司法复核(Judicial Review)申请,并同时提交暂缓遣返(Stay of Removal)的动议。根据 Abdullah v. Canada, 2024 FC 中重申的原则,申请人必须通过严厉的三阶段测试:
“the Applicant must satisfy the following three-part test which requires the Applicant to establish: (1) there is a serious issue to be tried… (2) there will be irreparable harm if the stay is not granted; and (3) that the balance of convenience favours granting the stay”
至关重要的是,当挑战官员拒绝延期的决定时,法律证明标准会变得更高:
“there is a higher threshold to establish a serious issue as the Applicant is seeking review of the refusal of CBSA to defer his removal”
3. 遣返前风险评估 (PRRA)
IRPA在第112(1)条下提供了专门的风险评估程序:
“A person in Canada… may, in accordance with the regulations, apply to the Minister for protection if they are subject to a removal order that is in force”
但是,该机制包含严格的时间限制。第112(2)条规定,在难民申请被拒绝或收到相关最终决定后,有12个月的强制期禁止申请PRRA(12-month bar)。这一障碍在 Nayeb Pashaei v. Canada, 2021 FC 212 中表现得非常明显:
“The Applicant is not eligible for a Pre-Removal Risk Assessment [PRRA] until the 12-month bar expires on July 28, 2021. He sought a deferral of his removal until he becomes eligible to submit a PRRA”
当PRRA禁止期处于激活状态时,无法获得评估这一事实可以作为延期申请或联邦法院暂缓执行动议的核心辩论依据。
4. 法定暂缓遣返 (Statutory Stays)
在特定条件下,法律会自动触发法定暂缓。IRPA第50条明确了这些情况:
“A removal order is stayed … if a decision that was made in a judicial proceeding … would be directly contravened by the enforcement of the removal order” : s 50(a)
“for the duration of a stay imposed by the Immigration Appeal Division or any other court of competent jurisdiction” : s 50(c)
“for the duration of a stay imposed by the Minister” : s 50(e)
审理中H&C(人道主义)申请的真实情况
一个常见的误解是,认为拥有一个审理中的人道主义和同情(H&C)申请可以保护个人免遭驱逐。根据既定的加拿大判例,事实并非如此。在 Baron v. Canada, 2009 FCA 81 中,加拿大联邦上诉法院裁定:
“the mere existence of an H&C application did not constitute a bar to the execution of a valid removal order.”
这一原则在 Barco v. Canada, 2018 FC 421 中得到了进一步强化,该判例阐明未决的H&C申请:
“did ‘not automatically give rise to a statutory stay of removal under the IRPA and its Regulations, nor is it meant to pose as an impediment to removal.'”
因此,您不能仅因为H&C档案仍在审查中,就推断您的遣返程序已经暂停。
拒绝出席面谈的法律风险
拒绝在预定时间参加CBSA遣返面谈会带来严重的法律后果。在 Baron v. Canada, 2009 FCA 81 一案中,法院对申请人的不合规行为给出了负面评价,明确强调:
“the appellants had failed to report for their pre-removal interviews”
此外,配合执法程序的法定驱逐义务是绝对的。正如联邦上诉法院在 Lunyamila v. Canada, 2018 FCA 22 中所确认的:
“The condition was also consistent with the obligation imposed by subsection 48(2) of the Act on Mr. Lunyamila to leave Canada immediately, and the obligation on the CBSA to enforce the removal order as soon as possible.”
忽视或刻意躲避该信函可能会导致移民局签发逮捕令(Warrant)、遭受拘留,并严重削弱您向联邦法院寻求司法救济时的诉讼地位。
最后,根据《移民与难民保护条例》(IRPR)第240条,只有当外国公民实际离开加拿大并在目的地国家成功获得合法入境时,遣返令才在法律上被视为“已执行”:
“A removal order… is enforced when the foreign national appears before an officer at a port of entry… obtains a certificate of departure… departs from Canada; and… is authorized to enter… their country of destination.”
如果您在伊朗面临明确的个人风险(无论是涉及宗教、政治面貌、安全安全问题、性取向、特定的严重医疗健康脆弱性还是司法记录),这些因素必须通过强有力的文件以合法形式提交。在 Akbari v. Canada, 2021 FC 中,法院基于关于宗教少数群体风险的详细国家状况报告进行了干预,而在 Nayeb Pashaei v. Canada, 2021 FC 212 中,法院重申:
“Those documents and his allegations must be examined and properly determined, before it is safe to remove him from Canada.”
收到CBSA遣返面谈信意味着您的时间节点至关重要,但如果通过 Pax Law Corporation 向法院寻求帮助,保护您留在加拿大的合法法律途径依然是畅通的。
常见问题解答 (FAQ)
答:不,这意味着CBSA正在规划遣返的后勤安排,但您仍然可以通过申请延期或联邦法院暂缓执行令来寻求法律救济。
答:不可以。根据加拿大的判例法,审理中的人道主义和同情(H&C)申请并不会自动暂缓或终止可执行的遣返令。
答:在没有合法正当理由的情况下拒绝出席面谈可能会导致严重的后果,包括签发逮捕令以及在未来的司法评估中产生负面影响。
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