Umlando kanye Nokuthuthukiswa Kwenqubo Yebheyili eCanada

Ilungelo lokunganqatshelwa ibheyili efanele ngaphandle kwesizathu esizwakalayo liyisici esibalulekile sohlelo lwezobulungiswa bobugebengu obuqhubekayo. Kubonisa ukucatshangwa kobumsulwa esigabeni sangaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala futhi kuvikela inkululeko yomuntu obekwe icala. INkantolo Ephakeme yaseCanada ngo R. v. Antic [2017] 1 SCR 509 ubuyekeze umlando webheyili futhi waqhubeka nokuthuthukisa umthetho kuleli zwe.

Ngaphambi kuka-1972

Eyathuthukiswa njengodaba olunokuzikhethela, inhloso eyodwa yebheyili kwakuwukuqinisekisa ukuthi ummangalelwa odedelwe ngebheyili uzohambela amacala abo. Besingekho isiqondiso ekubekweni kwemibandela yokukhululwa. Ngaphambi kuka-1972, kwakunezinhlobo ezintathu zokukhululwa:

(a) ukudedelwa ngeziqinisekiso ezanele ngesikhathi sokuqashelwa,

(b) akhulule lapho efaka imali, futhi

(c) ukukhululwa lapho ungena endaweni yokuqashelwa ngaphandle kwediphozithi: SC 1953-54, c. 51, ss. 451 kanye 463(3).

Lezi zindlela zokukhululwa azibalwanga nganoma iyiphi indlela, okusho ukuthi ijaji lingabeka noma iyiphi yazo kunoma yiliphi icala.

Umthetho Wokuguqulwa Kwebheyili ka-1972 (uMthetho “we-1972”)

The 1972 Act izame ukubhekana nokukhathazeka okubeke imingcele eqinile kwibheyili yemali. Iphinde yabeka izindlela zokukhulula okungenzeka, ezaziyalwa kusukela kokuncane kakhulu kuye kwezinzima kakhulu. I 1972 Act ibone ukuthi ijaji akumele liyalele izinhlobo ezicindezelayo zokukhululwa ngaphandle uma umqhele ukhombisa ukuthi kungani ifomu elinzima kakhulu lingafaneleki - isiphakamiso manje esivezwa ngaphansi kwesigaba 515 soMthethosisekelo. Ikhodi Yobugebengu yaseCanada ("Ikhodi”) kanye I-Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (the "I-Charter").

Ikhodi kanye Nomqulu

Ngo-1982, kwamiswa umthetho we- Umqulu yaguqula ilungelo elingokomthetho lebheyili laba ilungelo elingokomthethosisekelo. Isigaba 11(e) soMthethosisekelo Umqulu iqinisekisa ukuthi “noma yimuphi umuntu obekwe icala unelungelo lokunganqatshelwa ibheyili ngaphandle kwesizathu esizwakalayo.”

Inkulumo ethi “isizathu esilungile” isetshenziswa ezimweni ezimbili mayelana nebheyili. Okokuqala, esimeni somthethosisekelo - lapho ummangalelwa enelungelo ngokomthethosisekelo lokuthola ibheyili ngaphandle uma "kunesizathu esifanele" sokuphika. Okwesibili, izizathu zomthetho, ezibalwe esigabeni 515(10) soMthethosisekelo Ikhodi, ichaza “isizathu esifanele” njengokuthi: ingozi yendiza, ukuphepha komphakathi, kanye nokuzethemba komphakathi ekuphathweni kobulungisa.

R. v. I-Antic [2017] 1 SCR 509 kanye no-R. v. Zora [2020] 2 SCR 3

Inkantolo in mandulo iphinde yaxoxa ngomthetho ophathelene nebheyili nokuthi kufanele isetshenziswe kanjani eCanada. UJustice Wagner ugcizelele isidingo sokuvikelwa komphakathi kanye nokuthathwa njengomsulwa komuntu obekwe icala. Wacabangela isimiso sokuzithiba. Ikakhulukazi, yiziphi izindlela zokuzithiba ezingabekwa kumuntu osolwayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umphakathi uyavikelwa kuyilapho futhi ebambelela ekucabangeni kobumsulwa. Izimiso zokuqondisa ezilandelayo zisebenza kuzo zonke izimo:

1. Ukucabanga ukuthi umsulwa;
2. Umgomo wokuzibamba;
3. Isidingo sezizathu ezicacile neziqinile zokunqabela ibheyili; futhi,
4. Umgomo wezinye izindlela ezinengqondo esikhundleni sebheyili,

INkantolo Ephakeme yaseCanada ngo R. v. Zora [2020] 2 SCR 3 iphinde yaqinisekisa imigomo okukhulunywe ngayo kuyo mandulo futhi igqamise imfuneko yokuthi kukhululwe ngebheyili ngokushesha okukhulu okunemibandela encane isikhundla esimisiwe.

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E-Canada, inqubo yebheyili iye yathuthukiswa phakathi neminyaka futhi okwamanje ibonakala emacaleni ka mandulo futhi Zora. Isici esiwumongo esivezwe ngokuqhubeka komthetho sibonakala sibona ukuthi ukuze inqubo yentando yeningi isebenze impahla, kufanele kugcizelelwe ngokusobala ukuthi umsulwa. Ngamanye amazwi, uma uMbuso usola ukuthi ummangalelwa wenze icala, kufanele kuqinisekiswe (uMbuso) ukuthi ummangalelwa unecala, futhi kuze kube yileso sikhathi, kuthathwa ngokuthi ummangalelwa umsulwa, okuhlanganisa phakathi nenqubo yebheyili.

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