Isigaba 266 Ukuhlaselwa Kwasekhaya eCanada: Izijeziso, Ibheyili, Namarekhodi

Icala lokuhlasela lasekhaya ngaphansi kweSigaba 266 se-Criminal Code of Canada liyicala elihlanganisiwe eliphethe izinhlawulo eziphezulu ezifika eminyakeni emi-5 ejele uma ushushiswa ngecala, noma kuze kube yiminyaka emi-2 ngaphandle kokuboshwa ngosuku kanye/noma inhlawulo engu-$5,000 uma ushushiswa ngokufingqiwe. Uma ubhekene nalezi zinsolo, xhumana nochwepheshe ofanelekayo. Ummeli wokuvikela ubugebengu waseCanada kubalulekile, njengoba amacala ahilela umlingani oseduze eqala ukuqulwa kwecala lebheyili elibuyisela emuva, izici zokwahlulela eziqisayo zomthetho, kanye nemibandela eqinile yokungaxhumani ngokushesha lapho kuboshwa.

Ukubuka Okusheshayo: Uhlaka Lokushaja Lwesigaba 266

Ithebula elilandelayo lichaza imingcele eyisisekelo yomthetho elawula izinsolo zokuhlasela ezivamile ezihilela umlingani oseduze eCanada:

Ukuqonda Isigaba 266 kanye nencazelo yokuhlaselwa

Ngaphansi kweSigaba 265 soMthethosisekelo Ikhodi Yobugebengu, ukuhlasela kwenzeka lapho umuntu esebenzisa amandla ngamabomu komunye umuntu ngaphandle kwemvume, noma lapho othile ezama noma esongela ngesenzo noma ngesenzo ukusebenzisa amandla, uma nje enekhono lamanje lokwenza lokho kusongelwa. Isigaba 266 sisungula ukuthi wonke umuntu owenza ukuhlasela unecala lecala elibekwe icala elingaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu, noma icala elijeziswa ngokulahlwa yicala elifushane.

Igama elithi “umlingani oseduze” ngaphansi kwe-Criminal Code lihlanganisa umlingani wamanje noma wangaphambilini, umlingani ovamile, kanye nomlingani othandana naye. Uma ukuhlaselwa okusolwayo kuhilela izinto ezibangela ulaka—njengokuphatha, ukusebenzisa, noma ukusongela ukusebenzisa isikhali, ukubangela ukulimala emzimbeni, noma ukuklinya, ukuminyana, noma ukuklinya—uMbuso ungabeka amacala ngaphansi kweSigaba 267 esikhundleni seSigaba 266, esiphakamisa isijeziso esiphezulu sibe iminyaka eyi-10 ejele uma ubekwa icala.

Izinketho Zokugwetshwa, Izijeziso Eziphezulu, kanye Nezici Ezibangela Ukucindezeleka

Ukutholakala unecala ngokuhlasela kwasekhaya akuholeli esigwebweni sokuboshwa ngokuzenzakalelayo. Inkantolo yecala ihlola izici zomuntu ngamunye, okuhlanganisa nobukhulu bokulimala, umlando wobugebengu, ukwephulwa kwemiyalelo yangaphambilini, ukwamukelwa komthwalo wemfanelo, kanye namathuba okuvuselelwa. Kodwa-ke, iKhodi Yobugebengu iyalela ukuthi ukuxhashazwa komlingani oseduze kuyisici esibi kakhulu:

“Ubufakazi bokuthi umenzi wobubi, ekwenzeni icala, wahlukumeza umlingani oseduze wesoni … kuzobhekwa njengezimo ezicasulayo.” — Ikhodi Yobugebengu yaseCanada

Kuye ngecala, ijaji eligwebayo lingakhetha kulezi zinketho ezilandelayo:

• Ukuboshwa noma Inhlawulo: Kusetshenziswa kuze kufike ezingeni eliphezulu elisemthethweni ngokusekelwe ekukhethweni koMbusi.
• Umyalo Wokuhlolwa: Kugunyazwe ngaphansi kweSigaba 731 ngemuva kokugwetshwa ngokusemthethweni, okubeka izidingo zokubika zomphakathi kanye nokuziphatha.
• Isigwebo Esimisiwe: Isigwebo siyamiswa ngenkathi umenzi wobubi eqeda isikhathi sokuhlolwa.
• Isigwebo Esinemibandela: Ukhonzwa emphakathini ngaphansi kwezimo zokuboshwa endlini, kutholakala kuphela uma kutholakala isigwebo, isikhathi sangempela sokuboshwa esinqunyiwe singaphansi kweminyaka emibili, futhi kuhlangatshezwane nemibandela yokuphepha komphakathi.
• Ukuchithwa: Ukukhululwa ngokuphelele noma okunemibandela ngaphansi kweSigaba 730 okusindisa umenzi wobubi ekugwetshweni ngokusemthethweni.

Ngokuvamile kufakwa imali eyengeziwe yesisulu (ngokuvamile u-$100 ngamacala afingqiwe kanye no-$200 ngamacala abekwe icala), ngisho nasezinqumweni zokukhululwa, yize izinkantolo zingase ziyinciphise noma ziyiyeke uma zibonisa ubunzima obungadingekile. Njengoba kumiswe yiNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala yase-Ontario ku R v Tinker (2017 ONCA 552, esigabeni 64), umuntu owenze icala ongakwazi ngempela ukukhokha inhlawulo eyengeziwe akanakuboshwa ngenxa yokwehluleka ukukhokha.

Ukulalelwa Kwebheyili Nemibandela Yokukhululwa Emacaleni Omlingani Osondelene Naye

Ezinqubweni zobugebengu ezijwayelekile, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseCanada iqinisekisile ku R v Zora (2020 SCC 14, esigabeni 1) ukuthi uhlobo oluzenzakalelayo lokukhululwa ngaphambi kwecala luyisenzo esingenamibandela. Kodwa-ke, iSigaba 515(10)(b.1) sishintsha le nqubo ezindabeni zokuhlaselwa kwasekhaya. Uma umlingani oseduze eyisisulu esisolwayo, umthetho ubeka icala eliphambene nomsolwa, odinga ukuthi abameli baveze isizathu sokuthi kungani ukuboshwa kungafaneleki.

Izinkantolo zinquma ukuboshwa kwangaphambi kwecala ngokusekelwe ezizathwini zokuqala (ingozi yokubaleka), izizathu zesibili (ukuphepha komphakathi kanye nesisulu, noma ingozi yokuphazamiseka kobulungiswa), kanye nezizathu zesithathu (ukugcina ukuzethemba komphakathi ekuphathweni kobulungiswa). Lapho zinikeza ibheyili, izinkantolo zidinga izimo zokukhululwa ukuba zihlale zilingana, zingajezisi, futhi zifinyeleleka cishe (R v Zora, ezigabeni 85, 87).

Izimo ezijwayelekile zokukhululwa komlingani osondelene zifaka:

• Ukuvinjelwa okuphelele kokuxhumana okuqondile noma okungaqondile nomuntu okhalazayo.
• Imikhawulo yendawo evimbela ukuya ekhaya lomuntu okhalazayo, endaweni yokusebenza, noma ezindaweni ezithile.
• Ukuyeka utshwala noma izidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni lapho kuhlobene ngqo nephrofayili yengozi esemthethweni.
• Izidingo zokubika kubaphathi bebheyili kanye nokuhlala ekhelini elivunyiwe.

Isigaba 145(5) senza ukwephulwa kwanoma yimuphi umyalelo wokukhululwa kube yicala lobugebengu elizimele elijeziswa ngokuboshwa iminyaka emibili ngokumangalelwa noma ngokushushiswa okufushane. Umangalelwa akanakuvuma ukuxhumana yedwa; imiyalelo yokukhululwa ihlala isebenza ngokugcwele ngokomthetho kuze kube yilapho ijaji liyiguqula ngokusemthethweni.

Amarekhodi Obugebengu, Ukukhululwa Emsebenzini, kanye Nokumiswa Kwamarekhodi

Ngaphansi komthetho waseCanada, umuntu uthathwa njengongenacala aze alahlwe yicala noma akhululwe. Nakuba icala elisebenzayo lingavela ezinqolobaneni zamaphoyisa endawo ngesikhathi senqubo esalindile, alisho ukuthi icala liyicala lobugebengu. Uma icala seliqinisekisiwe, uhlobo lokulungiswa kwenkantolo lunquma ukuthi kukhona yini irekhodi elisemthethweni:

• Ukukhishwa Okuphelele Nokunemibandela: Ngaphansi kweSigaba 730, inkantolo ingavuma ukukhululwa uma kungokwenzuzo yomsolwa futhi kungaphambene nesithakazelo somphakathi. Ukukhululwa ngokuphelele kuqala ukusebenza ngokushesha, kuyilapho ukukhululwa okunemibandela kudinga ukuqedwa kokuvivinywa. INkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala yase-Alberta iphawule ku R v AJH (2025 ABCA 325, esigabeni 45) ukuthi ukukhishwa kwecala ezimweni ezinobudlova kuyizindlela ezingavamile ezisetshenziswa kancane.
• Imithetho Yokudalula: Ngaphansi Umthetho Wamarekhodi Obugebengu, amarekhodi okukhishwa okuphelele avalwa ngemva konyaka owodwa, kanti ukukhishwa okunemibandela ngemva kweminyaka emi-3, ngemva kwalokho asuswa kusizindalwazi se-RCMP ezenzakalelayo.
• Ukumiswa Kwamarekhodi: Uma kutholakala isigwebo esisemthethweni (kufaka phakathi ukubekwa icala, izigwebo ezimisiwe, noma izigwebo ezinemibandela), umuntu kumele afake isicelo sokumiswa kwerekhodi. Isikhathi sokulinda esisemthethweni siyiminyaka emi-5 yokuboshwa okufushane kanye neminyaka eyi-10 yamacala abekwe icala, ebalwa kuphela ngemva kokuqeda zonke izigwebo, ukubekwa icala, kanye nezijeziso zemali.

Izingozi Zokufuduka Kwabahlali Baphakade kanye Nezakhamuzi Zakwamanye Amazwe

Izinqubo zobugebengu zinemiphumela yokungavunyelwa ngokushesha ngaphansi Umthetho Wokufudukela Kwabokufika kanye Nababaleki (IRPA). Isigaba 36(1) sichaza ubugebengu obukhulu kubantu abahlala unomphela njengokulahlwa yicala lobugebengu elithatha isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyi-10 ngokomthetho, noma icala lapho kubekwa khona isigwebo sangempela sasejele esingaphezu kwezinyanga eziyisithupha.

Nakuba icala leSigaba 266 linesijeziso esiphezulu seminyaka emi-5, ukuthola isigwebo sangempela sokuboshwa esingaphezu kwezinyanga eziyisithupha kubangela ubugebengu obukhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhamuzi zakwamanye amazwe zibhekene nemithetho ebanzi yokungavunyelwa: noma yiliphi icala elixubile elishushiswa ngaphansi kweKhodi Yobugebengu libhekwa njengecala elingabekwa icala lokuhlolwa kokufuduka, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iKhomishini iyaqhubeka ngokufingqiwe. Umthetho wamacala ofana nalokhu R v Zhang (2017 BCCA 185, esigabeni 30) sigcizelela ukuthi amakhredithi okugcinwa kwabantwana ngaphambi kwecala kanye nokuhlelwa kwezigwebo kunemiphumela eqondile yokufuduka okumele ixazululwe ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo sokuvuma icala.

Izinyathelo Ezisebenzayo Ezisheshayo Ngemva Kokuboshwa

1. Zivocavoce Ngokuqinile Ngaphandle Kokuthintana: Ungaxhumani nomuntu okhalazayo ngqo, ngabantu besithathu, noma ngeziteshi zedijithali ngaphansi kwanoma yisiphi isimo, noma ngabe umenyiwe.
2. Gcina Ubufakazi Bedijithali Nobubonakalayo: Vikela imilando yemiyalezo yombhalo, izingodo zezingcingo, izithombe, amavidiyo aqoshiwe, amarekhodi ezokwelapha, kanye nemininingwane yokuxhumana nofakazi abangaba khona ngaphandle kokushintsha noma ukususa amafayela.
3. Landela Yonke Imibandela Yokukhishwa: Landela ngokuqinile imikhawulo yesikhathi sokufika ekhaya, ukubika, kanye nokuhamba. Uma isimo singasebenzi, faka isicelo sokuguqulwa kwenkantolo okusemthethweni kunokuba ubeke engcupheni yokusolwa ngokwephulwa kwemithetho ngaphansi kweSigaba 145(5).
4. Hlola Imiphumela Yesibambiso: Buyekeza umthelela oqondile wezikhalazo ezingaba khona kumarekhodi obugebengu, amalayisense ochwepheshe, kanye nesimo sokufuduka nge Ukulinganisa kwenkampani Pax Law Corporation ngaphambi kokuvumelana nanoma yisiphi isinqumo.