Isevisi Yokungamukelwa Kwe-IRGC kanye Neyokuphoqelelwa: Ukuvikela Isigaba 34 se-IRPA PFLs

1. Isifinyezo Esiphezulu kanye noHlaka Lwezomthetho

Ngaphansi Umthetho Wokufudukela Kwabokufika kanye Nababaleki (IRPA), security-based inadmissibility represents one of the most severe obstacles for foreign nationals and permanent residents seeking entry or status in Canada. In recent years, individuals who completed mandatory military service (Sarbazi) e-Iran futhi babelwa ngokungahleliwe noma ngokungazithandeli kwi-Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC / Sepah-e-Pasdaran Enghelab Islami) babhekane nezinsolo ezisabalele zokungavunyelwa ngaphansi isigaba 34(1)(c) futhi section 34(1)(f) ye-IRPA.

Umbono ovamile ongaqondile phakathi kwabafakizicelo ukuthi ngenxa yokuthi inkonzo yezempi e-Iran iyimpoqo ngokomthetho, i-Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) izoyithethelela ngokuzenzakalelayo inkonzo ye-IRGC. Mandatory military service does not automatically eliminate the risk of security inadmissibility.

Where service occurred within the IRGC, IRCC officers frequently assert inadmissibility under s. 34(1)(f) on the basis of “membership” in a listed terrorist entity, irrespective of whether the applicant personally committed or facilitated any acts of violence.

Kodwa-ke, umthetho waseCanada usungula izimiso ezimbili ezibalulekile zomthetho:

1. Inkonzo yezempi ephoqelekile yodwa, ngaphandle kobufakazi bokuthi umuntu ngamunye uhlanganyele kanye nenhloso ethile, ayiqinisekisi ubuphekula bomuntu siqu ngaphansi kwesigaba 34(1)(c).
2. Genuinely coerced service—where an individual performed duties solely under duress and self-preservation—does not constitute legal “membership” under s. 34(1)(f).

Ukuvikela i-Procedural Fairness Letter (PFL) esola ukungamukeleki okusekelwe ku-IRGC kudinga isu elinobufakazi obuningi elisekelwe emthethweni wamacala okuphatha kanye nawokufuduka waseCanada. I-Pax Law Corporation ilungiselele lo mhlahlandlela wezomthetho ophelele ukuze ihlaziye uhlaka lwezomthetho, ihlaziye izibonelo zakamuva zeNkantolo Yombuso kanye neNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala Kahulumeni, futhi ichaze izidingo zobufakazi eziqondile ezidingekayo ukuze kuvikelwe isimo sakho sokufuduka saseCanada.

2. Ukuhlukana kwesigaba 34(1)(c) (Ukuzibandakanya Ebuphekula) kanye nesigaba 34(1)(f) (Ubulungu)

To build an effective defense against a Procedural Fairness Letter (PFL), one must distinguish between the statutory grounds set out under Section 34(1) of the IRPA:

Isigaba 34(1) Ukungavunyelwa Kwezokuphepha:
A permanent resident or a foreign national is inadmissible on security grounds for:

• (C) ukuzibandakanya nobuphekula;
• (f) ukuba yilungu lenhlangano enezizathu ezizwakalayo zokukholelwa ukuthi izibandakanya, izibandakanye noma ezozibandakanya ezenzweni okukhulunywe ngazo endimeni (a), (b), (b.1) noma (c).

Ngaphansi Isigaba 33 se-IRPA, umkhawulo wobufakazi osetshenziswa kuSigaba 34 “uyizizathu ezizwakalayo zokukholelwa”. INkantolo Ephakeme yaseCanada ichaze “izizathu ezizwakalayo zokukholelwa” njengokudinga okungaphezu nje kokusola, kodwa okungaphansi kwendinganiso yomphakathi yokulinganisela amathuba. Kukhona lapho kukhona inkolelo yangempela yokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi amaqiniso akhona ngokusekelwe ebufakazini obuthembekile.

2.1 Isigaba 34(1)(c): Ukuziphatha Komuntu Siqu kanye Nezidingo Zenhloso Ethile

Isigaba 34(1)(c) sigxile ngokuphelele kumfakisicelo izenzo zomuntu siquI-IRCC ayikwazi ukusungula ukungamukeleki ngaphansi kwesigaba (c) ngokumane isho ukuthi umfakisicelo wayengowenhlangano noma wayekhonza ngaphakathi kwenhlangano.

Incazelo esemthethweni yobuphekula emthethweni wokufuduka waseCanada ivela esinqumweni esibalulekile seNkantolo Ephakeme yaseCanada ngo USuresh v. Canada (uNgqongqoshe Wezobuzwe Nokufuduka), 2002 SCC 1. INkantolo Ephakeme ichaze ubuphekula esigabeni 98 njengokuhlanganisa noma yikuphi:

“…isenzo esihloselwe ukubangela ukufa noma ukulimala okukhulu emzimbeni kumuntu ongekho empini, noma kunoma yimuphi omunye umuntu ongathathi ngxenye empini esimweni sempi ehlomile, lapho inhloso yaleso senzo, ngokwemvelo noma ngomongo waso, iwukwesabisa umphakathi, noma ukuphoqa uhulumeni noma inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe ukuba yenze noma igweme ukwenza noma yisiphi isenzo.”

In I-Foisal v. Canada (Ubuzwe kanye Nokufuduka), 2021 FC 404, iNkantolo Yombuso yachaza okubalulekile amadoda rea (mental state) required for paragraph (c):

• Inhloso Eqondile Iyadingeka: Umuntu noma inhlangano “ihlanganyela ebuphekula” kuphela ngaphansi kwesigaba 34(1)(c) uma inenhloso ethile yokubangela ukufa noma ukulimala komzimba okungathi sína (I-Foisal, esigabeni 14).
• Ubudedengu Nokungabi Nandaba Akufakiwe: Izinto ezicashile njengobudedengu, ukunganaki, ulwazi, noma ubumpumputhe obungahlosiwe azikwazi ukuthatha indawo noma ukwanelisa imfuneko esemthethweni yenhloso ethile (I-Foisal, esigabeni 14).
• Udlame vs. Inhloso: Military actions or general participation in armed conflict/violence cannot simply be equated with an intent to cause death or serious injury to civilians for a coercive purpose (I-Foisal, esigabeni 17).

Isu Eliyinhloko Lezimpendulo ze-PFL: Impendulo ye-PFL kumele iqinisekise ukuthi inkonzo yezempi ephoqelekile—ngaphandle kobufakazi bokuthi umbutho wezempi uhlele mathupha, wabulala, noma wasiza ezenzweni ezibhekiswe kubantu abavamile—ayikwazi ukwanelisa isigaba 34(1)(c). Impendulo kufanele ichaze imisebenzi yangempela yansuku zonke yomfakisicelo futhi iqinisekise ngokuqinisekisayo (lapho kuyiqiniso khona) ukuthi lowo muntu akakaze ahlanganyele:

• Ukuhlaselwa kwabantu abavamile noma ababhikishi abamelene nombuso;
• Ukuhlasela, ukubopha, noma ukuphenywa kwezakhamuzi;
• Acts of torture, summary executions, or extrajudicial killings;
• Ukuxhaswa ngezimali kwamaphekula, ukuthuthwa kwempahla kwamaqembu amele amazwe angaphandle, noma ukudluliselwa kwezikhali;
• Imisebenzi yezobunhloli eqondiswe kubantu basekhaya noma bangaphandle kwempi.

2.2 Section 34(1)(f): Membership & Low Statutory Thresholds

Section 34(1)(f) presents a distinct legal challenge because it is a indawo esekelwe ebulungwini. Unlike paragraph (c), paragraph (f) does not require IRCC to prove that the individual applicant committed, facilitated, or contributed to acts of terrorism.

INkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala Kahulumeni iveze ukufinyelela kwesigaba 34(1)(f) ku Icala likaKanagendren v. Canada (Ubuzwe kanye Nokufuduka), 2015 FCA 86. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi isigaba 34(1)(f) senza hhayi require a criminal complicity analysis, nor does it require proof that the person was a “true” or active member who significantly contributed to the organization’s wrongful acts (I-Kanagendren, esigabeni 22).

Ngaphezu kwalokho:

• Okwanele Kobulungu: Ubulungu obulula nobungenalo udlame bungabangela isigaba (f) ngisho nalapho umfakisicelo engazange ahlanganyele noma asekele ubuphekula mathupha (M.N. v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness), 2019 FC 796, esigabeni 7).
• Akukho Ukuxhumana Kwesikhashana Okudingekayo: INkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala Kahulumeni iqinisekisile ku- Najafi v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness), 2014 FCA 262 (ku-para 101) ukuthi isigaba (f) asinawo umkhawulo wesikhashana. Umfakisicelo akavumelekile uma eyilungu lenhlangano esebenzisana, uthembisene umshado, noma uzohlanganyela ebuphekula.

Ngenxa yalokho, bephikisana ngokuthi umfakisicelo uqedele inkonzo yakhe ye-IRGC ngaphambi Canada officially designated the IRGC as a terrorist entity under the Ikhodi Yobugebengu is hhayi, ngokwako, ukuzivikela okuphelele kwezomthetho ngaphansi kwesigaba 34(1)(f).

3. Umthelela Wezomthetho Wokufakwa Kuhlu Kwezinkampani ze-IRGC

I-Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps ibhaliswe ngokusemthethweni njengenhlangano yamaphekula ngokwemithetho ye- Imithethonqubo Esungula Uhlu Lwezinhlangano kwenziwe ngaphansi kweSigaba 83.05 soMthethosisekelo Ikhodi Yobugebengu (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46). The regulation explicitly references:

"I-Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) (eyaziwa nangokuthi phakathi kwamanye amagama ngokuthi i-Pasdaran, i-Sepah, ne-Sepah-e-Pasdaran Enghelab Islami)."

3.1 Ukufakwa ohlwini lwezinkampani vs. Ukungamukeleki Komuntu Ngamunye

Ukufakwa ohlwini kwe-IRGC kunikeza isaziso esisemthethweni sokuthi inhlangano ihlangabezana nomkhawulo weqembu lamaphekula ngaphansi komthetho wobugebengu waseCanada. Ezinqubweni zokuphatha ngaphansi kwe-IRPA, lolu hlu luhlangabezana nesidingo sokufakazela ukuthi Inhlangano uhileleke noma uke wahileleka ebuphekula.

Nokho, Ukufakwa ohlwini kwenhlangano akubheki wonke umuntu obhaliswayo noma oqokiwe njengophekula ngaphansi kwesigaba 34(1)(c) noma ilungu elizinikele ngaphansi kwesigaba 34(1)(f). IRCC retains the burden of establishing that the specific foreign national:

1. Was legally a “member” of that listed entity (rather than an involuntary conscript acting under coercion); and/or
2. Ukuzibandakanya mathupha ekuvimbeleni ukuziphatha ngaphansi kwesigaba 34(1)(c).

3.2 Ukuhlukaniswa Kwezinkampani, Izinkampani Ezingaphansi, kanye Nezinkampani Ezihambisanayo

In many instances, Iranian conscripts are assigned to perform service within regular Iranian armed forces (Artesh), civil infrastructure projects, IRGC-controlled commercial companies (such as Khatam al-Anbiya Construction Headquarters), or affiliated state entities.

Lapho i-IRCC izama ukugomela isigaba 34(1)(f) sokungamukeleki ngokusekelwe enkonzweni ngaphakathi kwenhlangano yesibili noma exhumene nayo, isikhulu kumele sisungule isixhumanisi sobufakazi esibonisa ukuthi inhlangano engaphansi kanye ne-IRGC ziyafana ngokomthetho nangokusebenza.

In Seeniyan v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness), 2016 FC 956, iNkantolo Yombuso ikhiphe isixwayiso esicacile mayelana nama-proxies enhlangano:

"Kumelwe kuqashelwe kakhulu ngaphambi kokuphatha ubulungu enhlanganweni eyodwa njengommeleli wobulungu kwenye." (USeeniyan, esigabeni 33)

Uma umfakisicelo eqedele inkonzo yakhe enhlanganweni ehlukile esakhiweni sezempi se-IRGC esiyinhloko, impendulo ye-PFL kumele iphonsele inselelo i-IRCC ukuthi inikeze isisekelo esinembile samaqiniso nobufakazi esiqinisekisa ukuthi kungani ubulungu enhlanganweni engaphansi bulingana ngokomthetho nobulungu enhlanganweni yamaphekula ebhalwe ohlwini.

4. Ukuhlaziya Umthetho Ongemuhle: Vadiati v. Canada

Noma yikuphi ukuzivikela okusemthethweni okuthembekile ngokumelene ne-PFL esekelwe ku-IRGC kumele kubhekane nemithetho yamuva nje engalungile, ikakhulukazi isinqumo seNkantolo Yombuso ngo I-Vadiati v. Canada (Ubuzwe nokuthuthela kwelinye izwe), 2025 FC 1859.

4.1 Okutholakele Okubalulekile kwe- Vadiati v. Canada, 2025 FC 1859

In I-Vadiati, the applicant admitted during his immigration processing that he served a mandatory two-year conscription period within the IRGC. Upon receiving a PFL, he asserted that his service was mandatory and carried out under legal compulsion.

INkantolo Yombuso ichithe ukubuyekezwa kwezomthetho, yaqinisekisa ukuthi isikhulu sezokufuduka asikwazi ukwamukelwa ngokusekelwe ezinqumweni ezimbili ezibalulekile:

1. Ukwamukelwa koBulungu: The Court held that where an applicant explicitly admits to being a member of a listed organization, an officer is entitled to rely on that admission without undertaking an exhaustive secondary analysis:

   “If an individual admits from the outset to being a member of an organization, it is not necessary to carry the analysis any further.” (I-Vadiati, esigabeni 21)

2. Umkhawulo Omkhulu Wokucindezeleka: Umfakisicelo uphikise ngokuthi ukwenqaba inkonzo kuzoholela ekuboshweni, ekujezisweni ngokwezimali, ekwandisweni kwenkonzo, kanye nemikhawulo enzima emalungelweni omphakathi (njengokuvinjelwa kokuthola ipasipoti, ilayisense yokushayela, noma umsebenzi osemthethweni). INkantolo isekele ukwenqaba kwesikhulu ukucindezelwa:

   “…umfakisicelo akakabonisi ukuthi imiphumela engaba khona yokwehluleka ukukhonza kwi-IRGC … ihlangabezana nomkhawulo ophezulu wengozi yokufa noma ukulimala emzimbeni uma kwenzeka ukucindezelwa.” (I-Vadiati, esigabeni 27)

4.2 Kungani Izimpikiswano Zokubuthelwa Emsebenzini Zihluleka Ngaphandle Komongo Onobufakazi

I-Vadiati ikhombisa iphuzu elivamile lokwehluleka ezimpendulweni ze-PFL ezizilungiselele zona: Ukusho nje ukuthi “inkonzo yami yezempi yayiphoqelekile” akwanele ngokomthetho.

Ukuhlukanisa icala lomfakisicelo ku- I-Vadiati, counsel must recognize that I-Vadiati kwakuyisinqumo esiqondene namaqiniso ezingeni leNkantolo Yombuso, hhayi isinqumo esibophayo seNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala Yombuso. Okubaluleke kakhulu, I-Vadiati kwehlulekile ngoba irekhodi lobufakazi eliphambi kwesikhulu alizange lisungule usongo oluseduze empilweni noma ekulimaleni komzimba, kunalokho lithembele ekuphazamisekeni kokuphatha kanye nomphakathi.

5. Ubulungu Obuphoqiwe kanye Nokucindezelwa Njengokuzivikela Okusebenzayo

Naphezu kwalokho I-Vadiati, ubulungu obuphoqelelwe buhlala buyindlela yokuzivikela engokomthetho esebenzayo ngokuphelele emthethweni wokufuduka waseCanada uma ihlelwe kahle ngaphansi kwezibonelo zokudlulisa amacala ezibophayo.

5.1 Igunya Lokudlulisa Amacala Elibophayo: I-Gaytan futhi Rodriguez Anzola

Imithetho eyisisekelo yokuhlangana okuphoqelelwe ivela eNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala Kahulumeni e- I-Canada (Ukuphepha Komphakathi Nokulungela Okuphuthumayo) v. Gaytan, 2021 FCA 163. Ekhuluma ngobubanzi bokungavunyelwa kwezokuphepha, uJaji Mainville wasungula ukuthi iPhalamende alikaze lihlose ukujezisa abantu abaphoqelelwa ngenkani:

“…despite the presence of section 42.1, Parliament did not intend membership to extend to those who were forcibly recruited by a terrorist or a criminal organization and performed acts consistent with the goals of such an organization while under duress.” (I-Gaytan, esigabeni 79)

Inkantolo in I-Gaytan wagcizelela ukuthi ukuphoqelelwa kwangempela kumelwe kuhlukaniswe nezimangalo ezivamile, ezingakhohlisi lapho umuntu ejoyina ngokuzithandela inhlangano kodwa kamuva ephikisana ngokuthi indima yakhe yayincane, ingenabo ubudlova, noma ingenamsebenzi (I-Gaytan, esigabeni 81).

Lesi simiso saqinisekiswa kabusha yiNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala Kahulumeni ngo URodriguez Anzola v. Canada (Ubuzwe kanye Nokufuduka), 2026 FCA 90. INkantolo iqinisekisile ukuthi I-Gaytan imfundiso isebenza kulo lonke uhlaka olubanzi lokungavunyelwa:

“…ubulungu obuphoqelelwe abunakwenzeka ukuthi buhloswe ngokunengqondo ukuthi buqoshwe yizigaba 34 no-37 [ze-IRPA] nokuthi ukucindezelwa kuyisithiyo esifanele ngaphakathi kohlaka lokungamukeleki.” (Rodriguez Anzola, esigabeni 64)

5.2 Ukusetshenziswa Okungokoqobo: I-Zigta futhi I-Ghaffari

Inkantolo Yomthetho Kahulumeni inquma ukuthi izikhulu ezihlola izinsolo zeSigaba 34 ziyadingeka ngokomthetho ukuhlola ukucindezeleka kanye nezimangalo zobulungu:

• Icala likaZigta v. Canada (Ubuzwe kanye Nokufuduka), 2023 FC 93: The Federal Court confirmed that duress cannot be compartmentalized or ignored:

  "Ubufakazi obuphathelene nokucindezelwa kumele bucatshangelwe kanye nobufakazi obuphathelene nobulungu ekunqumeni ukuthi lowo muntu wayeyilungu leqembu ngempela noma, kunalokho, wayeshukunyiswa ukuzigcina." (I-Zigta, esigabeni 36)
  "Umuntu akanakubhekwa njengelungu leqembu uma ukuzibandakanya kwakhe nalo kusekelwe ekucindezelweni." (I-Zigta, esigabeni 37)

• Ghaffari v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2013 FC 674: Where an officer issues a finding of inadmissibility without examining the practical, real-world options available to a conscript, the decision is unreasonable. The Court set aside a negative decision because the officer gave “scant or even any real consideration” to whether the applicant had any realistic, safe alternative to performing service (I-Ghaffari, esigabeni 21).

5.3 Uhlu Lokuhlola Oluphelele Lobufakazi Bokucindezeleka

Ukuphumelela ngaphansi I-Gaytan, Rodriguez Anzola, Futhi I-Zigta, okuthunyelwe ngumfakisicelo kumele kube nobufakazi obunemininingwane, obufungelwe obuhlanganisa zonke izici zokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe kokubuthelwa empini:

6. Uhlaka Lwesu Lokuphendula Incwadi Yokulunga Kwenqubo (i-PFL)

Uma i-IRCC ikhipha i-PFL esola ukungamukeleki ngaphansi kwesigaba 34(1)(c) noma (f), impendulo kumele ihlelwe kusetshenziswa ezinye izikhundla zomthetho. Ukuthembela esivumelwaneni esisodwa esibanzi kuveza umfakisicelo ekwenqatshweni ngokushesha uma isikhulu senqaba leso sizathu esisodwa.

6.1 Isinyathelo 1: Ukucaciswa Kwamaqiniso kanye Nokubuyisana Kwesitatimende Sangaphambilini

Impendulo kumele iqale ngesitatimende esicacile esichaza isikhathi senkonzo ephoqelekile:

“I performed compulsory military service (Sarbazi) from [Date] to [Date] pursuant to Iranian legal requirements. I did not voluntarily apply to, join, or seek membership in the IRGC, nor did I adopt its ideology, seek promotion, extend my service, or perform any acts to advance terrorist goals.”

Reconciling Terminology: Abafakizicelo base-Iran babevame ukusebenzisa amagama athi “ilungu” noma “okhonzwe” ngokushintshana lapho begcwalisa amafomu okuhlala okwesikhashana noma unomphela. Uma amafomu okufuduka ngaphambilini, izitatimende zababaleki, noma imibhalo yengxoxo ithi umfakisicelo “wayeyilungu le-IRGC,” impendulo kumele ibhekane ngokusobala nalokhu kwahlukana.

Impendulo kufanele ichaze ukuthi leli gama lisetshenziswe ngomqondo ochazayo kuphela, ongewona osemthethweni ukukhombisa ukuba khona ngokomzimba ngesikhathi senkonzo yezempi ephoqelekile, kunokuba kube ukwethembeka ngokuzithandela noma ubulungu obusemthethweni benhlangano.

6.2 Isinyathelo 2: Ukuphikisana nesigaba 34(1)(c) Ukuzibandakanya Komuntu Siqu

Isiphakamiso kumele siphikisane ngokuhlelekile nanoma yiziphi izinsolo zokuthi umfakisicelo uhlanganyele mathupha ebuphekula ngaphansi kwesigaba (c):

• Nikeza incazelo ephelele yemisebenzi yansuku zonke (isib., umabhalane wokuphatha, umshayeli, umakhenikha oyisisekelo, umpheki, unogada esikhungweni esingenankinga yokuzwela);
• Qinisekisa ukuthi umfakisicelo akakaze enze imisebenzi yokulwa, ukuqoqa ulwazi, imisebenzi yokuboshwa, noma ukuqapha okulwa nomphakathi;
• Qinisekisa ukuthi umfakisicelo wayengenaso inhloso ecacile edingekayo yokubangela ukufa noma ukulimala komzimba okukhulu nganoma iyiphi injongo yokuphoqelela noma yezepolitiki ngaphansi Suresh futhi I-Foisal.

6.3 Step 3: Establishing Coerced Membership to Defeat s. 34(1)(f)

Ukuze kunqotshwe isisekelo sobulungu ngaphansi kwesigaba (f), impendulo kumele iveze ukuzivikela okuphelele kokucindezelwa ngaphansi I-Gaytan futhi Rodriguez Anzola:

• Chaza ngokuningiliziwe inqubo yokukhetha ephoqelelwe lapho i-Iranian Armed Forces General Staff (Setad-e Kol-le Qavvat-e Mosallah) randomly routes conscripts to Artesh or IRGC units without applicant input;
• Bhala phansi izinhlawulo ezithile zokugwema ukubuthelwa empini noma ukushiya e-Iran, ucaphune imibandela esebenzayo yoMthetho Wezobugebengu Bezempi wase-Iran (Qanun-e Mojazat-e Jaraye'm-e Mosallah), okuhlanganisa ukuboshwa kanzima, ukuhlukunyezwa ngokomzimba ngesikhathi sokuboshwa kwezempi, kanye nezingozi ezinkulu ekuphepheni komndeni;
• Bonisa ukuthi umfakisicelo ukhonze ngenxa yokuzivikela kwakhe kuphela futhi wayengenayo indlela yokuphunyuka ephephile nengokoqobo noma enye indlela.

6.4 Isinyathelo 4: Izethulo Eziyidokhumentari Nobufakazi

Impendulo ye-PFL ekholisayo kumele isekelwe ubufakazi obuyisisekelo obubhalwe phansi:

1. I-Afidavithi Efungelwe: Isitatimende esiphelele, esibhalwe phansi esivela kumfakisicelo esichaza isikhathi esiqondile, inqubo yokukhetha, imisebenzi yansuku zonke, imiyalo etholiwe, kanye nesimo sengqondo ngesikhathi senkonzo.
2. Amarekhodi Asemthethweni Ezempi: Amakhadi okubuthelwa empini (Kart-e Payan-e Khedmat), izitifiketi zokukhishwa emsebenzini, ama-oda okunikezwa, kanye nezicelo zokudluliselwa.
3. Imibhalo Eqinisekisayo: Amarekhodi okuhlehliswa kwemfundo, izicelo zokukhululwa kwezokwelapha, izifungo zofakazi ezivela kwabanye ababuthelwe empini noma izikhulu eziphakeme (lapho kuphephile futhi kungenzeka), kanye namarekhodi okuboshwa.
4. Country Conditions & Expert Evidence: Imibiko yochwepheshe bezwe abazimele, imibhalo ye-UNHCR, kanye nemibiko yamalungelo abantu eqondile echaza uhlobo oluphoqelekile lokubuthelwa empini e-Iran, ukwabiwa kwabantu ababuthelwe empini ngokungafanele kwi-IRGC, kanye nemiphumela emibi yokwenqatshwa kokubuthelwa empini.

7. Ukuphoqelela Ubulungisa Benqubo: Ukufuna Ubufakazi Obuyisisekelo

A Procedural Fairness Letter must provide the applicant with sufficient information to understand the case against them. In security inadmissibility matters, IRCC officers frequently issue vague PFLs that refer generally to the “totality of the evidence” or undisclosed intelligence assessments.

7.1 Umsebenzi Wokudalula Ngaphansi I-Thamilselvan futhi Geng

Ubulungiswa benqubo emthethweni wokuphatha buqinisekisa ukuthi umfakisicelo kumele athole “ulwazi okusekelwe kulo isinqumo” ukuze akwazi ukuphendula ngendlela enenjongo, alungise amaphutha, futhi athumele ubufakazi obuphikisayo (Icala likaThamilselvan v. Canada (Ubuzwe kanye Nokufuduka), 2022 FC 66, esigabeni 18).

Nakuba ukudalulwa okuphelele kobunhloli bezokuphepha kwezwe obubucayi kunqunyelwe ngaphansi kwesigaba 87 se-IRPA, i-IRCC iyadingeka ngokomthetho ukudalula amaqiniso ayisisekelo kanye nezizathu eziqhuba ukuhlolwa:

• Icala likaGeng v. Canada (Ubuzwe kanye Nokufuduka), 2023 FC 773: The Federal Court held that IRCC must provide the applicant with the “gist” of the security concerns. A PFL that vaguely cites overall background information while withholding the actual reports or analytical summaries that guided the officer’s assessment breaches procedural fairness (Geng, at paras 72-73).
• UThamilselvan v. Canada, 2022 FC 66: Lapho imibiko yangaphakathi engadalulwanga iqukethe ukuhlaziywa okusebenzayo kwesikhulu sezokufuduka noma kwenhlangano yezokuphepha kwendima ethile yomfakisicelo—kunokuba kumane kukhiqizwe izitatimende zomfakisicelo—ukugodla lawo madokhumenti kuvimbela impendulo enengqondo futhi kuphazamise isinqumo (I-Thamilselvan, esigabeni 19).

7.2 Izicelo Ezisemthethweni Zobufakazi

Uma ephendula i-PFL, umeluleki kufanele afake ngokusemthethweni isidingo sokudalulwa okuphelele esicelweni esibhaliwe:

ISIDINGO ESISEMTHETHWENI SOKUDALULWA:

1. Amakhophi aphelele azo zonke izifinyezo ezingakahlelwanga noma zokuhlolwa kwangaphakathi, imibiko yokuhlola, kanye namanothi avela ku-Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA), i-Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), kanye ne-National Security Screening Division (NSSD) ethembele kuyo yisikhulu;
2. The specific country condition reports, operational guidance, or open-source documentation relied upon to connect the applicant’s specific military unit to the IRGC core organization;
3. I-matrix enembile yamaqiniso ethembele kuyo ukusola ubulungu bokuzithandela ngaphansi kwesigaba 34(1)(f) noma ukuhlanganyela komuntu ngamunye ngaphansi kwesigaba 34(1)(c); kanye
4. Ukwelulwa kwesikhathi okusemthethweni ukuze kufakwe impendulo ebalulekile lapho kutholwa ukudalulwa okuceliwe.

Ukwenza lesi sicelo kurekhodi kuvikela amalungelo omfakisicelo. Uma i-IRCC yenqaba ukudalulwa futhi kamuva ikhiphe isinqumo esibi, ukwehluleka ukunikeza ubufakazi obuyisisekelo kwakha isisekelo esiqinile sokuBuyekezwa Kwezobulungiswa phambi kweNkantolo Yombuso yaseCanada.

8. Usizo Olusemthethweni kanye Nezindlela Zokwelapha Ezihlukile

Ukuqonda ukuthi yiziphi izindlela zokwelapha ezikhona—kanye nokuthi yiziphi izindlela zokwelapha ezivinjelwe ngokomthetho—kubalulekile ekuhleleni amasu kwesikhathi eside.

8.1 Izimemezelo Zongqongqoshe Ngaphansi kwesigaba 42.1(1) se-IRPA

Akukho okuhlukile ngokomthetho okuzenzakalelayo kuSigaba 34 kubantu abakhonze ngaphansi kokucindezelwa noma ukubuthelwa empini okuphoqelekile. Uma umfakisicelo etholakala ukuthi akavumelekile ngaphansi kweSigaba 34, indlela eyinhloko yomthetho yokusiza iwukuba Isimemezelo sikaNgqongqoshe ngaphansi Isigaba 42.1(1) se-IRPA:

Isigaba 42.1(1) Isimemezelo SikaNgqongqoshe:
“UNgqongqoshe, ngesicelo sesizwe sakwamanye amazwe, angamemezela ukuthi izindaba okukhulunywa ngazo esigabeni 34 … azisho ukuthi azivumelekile … uma bemqinisekisa uNgqongqoshe ukuthi aziphambene nentshisekelo kazwelonke.”

A Section 42.1 application involves an extensive review by Public Safety Canada and the Minister. Because the threshold is based entirely on the “national interest,” a Ministerial Declaration should be pursued as an independent fallback remedy rather than as a substitute for contesting the initial inadmissibility finding in the PFL response.

8.2 Statutory Bar on H&C Relief Under s. 25(1) IRPA

Iphutha elivamile elenziwa abafakizicelo abangamelwe ukucela ukucatshangelwa kwe-Humanitarian and Compassionate (H&C) ngaphansi kweSigaba 25(1) se-IRPA lapho bebhekene nokungavunyelwa kwezokuphepha.

Isigaba 25(1) sivimbela ngokusobala ukukhululeka kwe-H&C kokungamukeleki kwezokuphepha:

"UNgqongqoshe akumele acabangele isicelo sosizo nozwela uma isakhamuzi sakwamanye amazwe singamukeleki ngaphansi kwesigaba 34, 35 noma 37." (IRPA, isigaba 25(1))

Ngenxa yalokho, izikhulu ze-IRCC azinalo nhlobo igunya elisemthethweni lokungavumeli iSigaba 34 ngenxa yezizathu zozwela, ukusungulwa komndeni, noma izintshisekelo ezinhle zengane. Zonke izimpikiswano zomthetho empendulweni ye-PFL kumele zigxile kakhulu ekuphikisaneni nezici eziyiqiniso nezingokomthetho zesigaba 34(1)(c) kanye nesigaba 34(1)(f).

9. Iseminari Yezomthetho Yamahhala kanye Nokunikezwa Kosizo Olukhethekile lwe-PFL

Ukuzulazula encwadini ye-IRGC ephathelene nokuLunga kweNqubo noma ukuthola ukungavunyelwa kwezokuphepha kudinga ukumelwa okukhethekile kwezomthetho. I-Pax Law Corporation ikumema ukuthi ube khona emhlanganweni wethu wezomthetho womphakathi wamahhala ukuze uxoxe ngalezi zinguquko mathupha nethimba lethu lezomthetho lokufuduka.

Imininingwane Yesemina

• Sihloko: Ukuzulazula Ukungavunyelwa Kwezokuphepha kwe-IRGC, Ukubuthelwa Empini Okuphoqelekile, kanye Nokuphendula Ezincwadini Zokulunga Kwenqubo (s. 34 IRPA)
• Usuku: NgoLwesihlanu, Agasti 14, 2026
• isikhathi: 1:00 PM – 3:00 PM PDT
• Indawo: Isikhungo Somphakathi saseDelbrook (Igumbi lika-Arbutus), 851 W Queens Rd, eNorth Vancouver, BC V7N 4E3
• Ukwamukelwa: Mahhala (Kuvulelekile emphakathini)

Isaphulelo Sokuba Khona Okukhethekile

Uma wena noma ilungu lomndeni nithole Incwadi Yokulunga Kwenqubo (PFL) noma nibhekene nokukhathazeka ngokungafaneleki kwezokuphepha ngenxa yenkonzo yezempi yase-Iran ephoqelekile e-IRGC, letha amadokhumenti akho kule seminari. I-Pax Law Corporation inikeza 10% off legal fees ngezinsizakalo zokuphendula ze-PFL kubo bonke ababekhona kanye nobufakazi bokuba khona.

Ukuze uthole imibuzo yezomthetho noma ukuhlela ukubonisana nethimba lethu lezomthetho lokufuduka, vakashela i- Ukulinganisa kwenkampani Pax Law Corporation Iwebhusayithi.