Chikamu 266 Mutemo weCriminal Code weCanada: Tsananguro yeKurwisa Zviri Nyore

Chii chinonzi Chikamu 266 cheCriminal Code of Canada?

Chikamu 266 cheCriminal Code of Canada inosimbisa mhosva yekurwisa kwakajairika (inonziwo kurwisa kuri nyore kana nzira iri nyore yekurwisa) uye inotsanangura zvirango zvayo zvepamutemo. Chero ani zvake anotarisana nemhosva pasi pemutemo uyu anofanira kubvunza nyanzvi inokwanisa gweta rekudzivirira mhosva muCanada kuPax Law Corporation kuti tinzwisise kuti mitemo yemaitiro inoshanda sei. Kunyange zvazvo Chikamu 266 chichitsanangura chirango, tsananguro yepamutemo yekurova yakanyorwa muChikamu 265: kushandisa simba remaune, risingabvumirane kune mumwe munhu, kuedza kana kutyisidzira nechisimba kuburikidza nechiito kana chiratidzo, kana kurwisa kana kudzivirira mumwe munhu akashongedzerwa pachena.

Chikamu 266 cheCriminal Code chinoti:

"Munhu wese anorwisa ane mhosva ye
(a) mhosva inopomerwa uye anogona kusungwa kwenguva isingapfuure makore mashanu; kana
(b) mhosva inorangwa kana munhu awanikwa aine mhosva pfupi.
- Mutemo weMhosva, s. 266

Nekuti kurwiswa kwakajairika imhosva yakasanganiswa, muchuchisi wehurumende ndiye anosarudza kana achifanira kuenderera mberi nekupomerwa mhosva (achitakura chirango chikuru chemakore mashanu mujeri) kana nekuwanikwa aine mhosva pfupi (achirangwa nemakore maviri pasi pezuva, faindi inosvika $5,000, kana zvese zviri zviviri).

Mhando nhatu dzeMutemo dzeKurwisa Pasi peChikamu 265(1)

Kuti pave nemhosva pasi peChikamu 266, kupomerwa mhosva kunofanirwa kuratidza imwe yemhando nhatu dzekurwisa dzakanyorwa pasi pechikamu 265(1). R v Androsoff, 2023 SKCA 42 (pandima 40), Dare Repamusoro reSaskatchewan rakasimbisa kuti mutongo uri pasi pechikamu 266 "inoda humbowo husina mubvunzo hwechimwe chezvinhu zvitatu zvekurwisa zvakanyorwa pasi pechikamu 265(1)."

1. Kushandiswa Kwesimba Nemaune (s. 265(1)(a))

Simba remuviri rinoshandiswa zvakananga (sekusundidzira, kurova, kurova, kana kubata ruoko kana mbatya) kana zvisina kunanga zvinosangana netsananguro yemutemo. R v Palombi, 2007 ONCA 486 (pandima 28), Dare reKukwidza Nyaya reOntario rakasimbisa kuti:

"Chero kushandisa simba nemaune - kunyangwe simba diki - pasina mvumo yemunhu anenge abatwa, kurwiswa kunze kwekunge paine dziviriro."

Munhu anenge achinyunyuta haafanire kukuvara mumuviri kana kutsvaga rubatsiro rwechiremba kuti aonekwe kuti ane mhosva.

2. Kutyisidzira neKuedza neChiito kana Chiratidzo (s. 265(1)(b))

Kubata munhu panyama hakudikanwi pasi pechikamu 265(1)(b). Kana munhu akaedza kana kutyisidzira kushandisa simba nechiito kana chiratidzo, uye aine kugona kwazvino (kana kuita kuti munyunyuti atende zvine musoro kuti ane kugona) kuzviita, kurwiswa kunoitika.

Mienzaniso inosanganisira kusimudza chibhakera uchiswedera pedyo nemumwe munhu, kusimudza banga, kana kumhanyisa mota kuenda kune vanofamba netsoka. R v Dawydiuk, 2010 BCCA 162 (pandima 30), Dare reKukwidza Nyaya reBritish Columbia rakatsanangura kuti:

"Mashoko chete haazorevi kurwisa. Chiito kana chiito chinokwana chero bedzi Mambo achiratidza kuti mupomerwi akaedza kana kutyisidzira, nechiitiko kana chiito, kushandisa simba kune mumwe munhu ..."

Pasi pechikamu chino, mhosva iri mukutyisidzira kana kuedza kwayo, kwete kana kusangana kwacho kwakaitwa (Dawydiuk, pandima 31).

3. Kurwisana Uchiratidza Kurwa (s. 265(1)(c))

Kana munhu ari kupomerwa mhosva akapfeka kana kutakura chombo pachena kana chombo chekufungidzira uye akadzivisa, akamanikidza, kana kukumbira kubva kune mumwe munhu, maitiro acho anozadzisa tsananguro yekurwisa. Mutemo uyu unotaura nezvekuva nezvombo zvinoonekwa uku uchidzivisa mumwe munhu, zvakasiyana nekushandisa kana kutyisidzira kushandisa chombo pasi peChikamu 267(a).

Zvinhu Zvakakosha Zvinofanira Kuratidzwa neKorona

Mukutongwa kwakajairika pasi peChikamu 266 kuburikidza neChikamu 265(1)(a), Hurumende inofanira kuratidza chimwe nechimwe chezvinhu zvinotevera pasina mubvunzo une musoro:

• Kumanikidza kana kubata munhu wacho panyama kwakaitwa;
• Simba racho rakashandiswa zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga;
• Kushandisa simba kwaiitwa nemaune, kwete netsaona kana kuti nepfungwa;
• Munyunyuti haana kubvumirana nekushandiswa kwesimba; uye
• Maitiro acho haana kururamiswa nekudzivirirwa kwemutemo.

Chinangwa Chokushandisa Simba vs. Chinangwa Chokukuvadza: Korona inofanirwa kuratidza kushandisa simba nemaune, asi haifanirwe kuratidza chinangwa chekukuvadza muviri. R v Richards, 2020 ABCA 63 (pandima 12), dare rakati:

"Munhu ari kupomerwa mhosva anofanira kushandisa simba nemaune; zvisinei, hapana chinodiwa chekuti afunge nezvekukuvadza."

Sezvakasimbiswa mu Palombi (pandima 36), mhosva yacho inoperera kana munhu akashandisa simba nemaune pasina kubvumirana. Kana munhu akasundidzira mumwe munhu nemaune uye munhu iyeye obva adonha otyoka, kusavapo kwechinangwa chekutyora pfupa hakurevi kuti mhosva iri pasi peChikamu 266 haibvisi mhosva.

Mvumo: Miganhu yeMutemo uye Dudziro dzeMutemo Wakajairika

Kusavapo kwemvumo ndicho chinhu chikuru chinopomerwa mhosva yekurova. Criminal Code yeCanada inotsanangura mitemo yakajeka pamusoro pekuti kana kubvuma kwacho kuri pachena kusingabvumirwi pamutemo.

Kurambidzwa kweMvumo (Chikamu 265(3))

Pasi peChikamu 265(3), mvumo inorambidzwa kana munyunyuti akabvuma kana kusaramba nekuda kwe:

1. Kushandiswa kwesimba;
2. Kutyisidzira kana kutya kushandiswa kwesimba;
3. Fraud; kana
4. Kushandisa simba.

Kunyarara kana kusaramba kunokonzerwa nekutyisidzirwa, kumanikidzwa, kana kushandiswa zvisina kunaka kwesimba hazvireve kuti mvumo iri pamutemo.

Kutenda Kwakarurama Asi Kusina Kururama Mukubvumirana (Chikamu 265(4))

Mupomerwi anogona kutaura kuti aitenda zvechokwadi kuti mupomerwi akabvuma. Pasi peChikamu 265(4), dare rinoongorora kana paine zvikonzero zvine musoro zvekutenda ikoko muhumbowo hwese. R v Smith, (1994) BCCA (pandima 17), Dare reKukwidza Nyaya reBritish Columbia rakati:

"Kana munhu anoshandisa simba racho achitenda zvechokwadi kuti ane mvumo yemumwe munhu, saka munhu iyeye haana mhosva."

Kurwa Kwevanhu Vachibvumirana uye Miganhu Yemutemo Wakafanana

Kubvumirana mukukakavadzana kwemuviri kwakaganhurirwa pamutemo. R v Jobidon, (1991) SCC, Dare Repamusorosoro reCanada rakaona kuti kubvumirana hakugoni kubvisa kurwiswa pakati pevanhu vakuru nemaune zvichikonzera kukuvara kwakakomba kana kukuvadzwa kwemuviri kusiri kwechidiki panguva yekurwa kwezvibhakera. R v Paice, 2005 SCC 22 (pandima 18), Dare Repamusorosoro rakasimbisa kuti "Jobidon inoda kukuvara kukuru kwakagadzirirwa uye kwakakonzerwa kuti mvumo iparadzwe."

Mukurwisana kwakabvumiranwa uko kukuvadza kukuru kusiri kwakanangana kana kukonzereswa, kubvumirana kunofukidza kurwa kunotarisirwa mukupopotedzana (R v Gardiner, 2018 ABCA 298, pandima 3). Zvisinei, maitiro anopfuura zvaitarisirwa zvinowira kunze kwemvumo iyoyo. Mitambo yekubata vanhu nemaitiro ekurapa zviri pamutemo hazvibatanidzwi mu Jobidon kurambidzwa.

Kupatsanurwa Kwekuenzanisa: Chikamu 266 vs. Mhosva Dzakawedzerwa

Chikamu 266 chinotaura nezvekurwiswa kana pasina kukuvara kwakanyanya mumuviri. Kana paine zvombo, kudzipwa, kana kukuvara kwakanyanya mumuviri, muripo wakakwira unoshanda.

Kudzivirirwa Kwemutemo Kunozivikanwa: Kuzvidzivirira Uye Kudhakwa

Kuzvidzivirira (Chikamu 34)

Pasi peChikamu 34(1) cheCriminal Code, mhosva haisi mhosva kana zvinhu zvitatu zvazadzikiswa:

• Vaipomerwa vaidavira nezvikonzero zvine musoro kuti simba raishandiswa kana kutyisidzirwa kwavari kana kune mumwe munhu;
• Mutemo uyu wakaitwa nechinangwa chekudzivirira kana kudzivirira; uye
• Chiito chacho chaive chakanaka mumamiriro ezvinhu acho.

Pasi peChikamu 34(2), dare rinoona kuti zvine musoro nekutarisa zvinhu zvinosanganisira rudzi uye kuva pedyo kwekutyisidzira, kana paine dzimwe nzira dziripo, hukuru uye kugona kwemapoka, kushandiswa kwezvombo, uye kuenzana kwemhinduro. Kuzvidzivirira hakurevi kuti zviito zvekutsiva kana zvechisimba zvinoenderera mberi mushure mekunge kutyisidzira kwaderera.

Kudhakwa Zvakanyanya (Chikamu 33.1)

Kudhakwa zvakanyanya kwakakonzerwa nemunhu wega kunotongwa neChikamu 33.1. Mumhosva dzinosanganisira kurova kana kupindira muhutano hwemuviri, kudhakwa zvakanyanya kwakakonzerwa nemunhu wega hakupi dziviriro apo mupomerwi akasiya zvakanyanya tsika inotarisirwa kumunhu anonzwisisa asati adhakwa.

Zvirango uye Nzira dzeMaitiro Pasi peChikamu 266

Kupihwa mutongo pasi peChikamu 266 kunoenderana nekusarudzwa kweCrown:

1. Nzira yeMhosva Inopomerwa

• Mutongo Mukuru: Kusvika makore mashanu mujeri.
• Nzvimbo yeMitongo: Makore mashanu ndiwo muganho wemutemo. Mitongo chaiyo inoratidza zvinhu zvakaita senhoroondo yemhosva yekare, kuoma kwemaitiro, mamiriro emumba, uye kuzvidemba.

2. Pfupiso yeNzira yeKutenda

Kana mhosva ikatongwa kwenguva pfupi, mitemo yekutonga mitongo pasi peChikamu 787(1) inoshanda:

• Mari Yakanyanya: Kusvika ku $ 5,000.
• Kuvharirwa Kukuru: Kusvika makore maviri pazuva.
• Chirango Chakabatanidzwa: Faindi uye kuiswa mujeri zvinogona kurairwa.

Nguva Yekuganhurirwa: Pasi peChikamu 786(2), nyaya dzinofanira kutanga mukati memwedzi gumi nemiviri kubva pakaitika nyaya iyi, kunze kwekunge muchuchisi nemupomerwi vabvumirana kuenderera mberi nepanguva iyoyo.

Mibvunzo Inonyanya Kubvunzwa