Kusagamuchirwa kweIRGC & Basa Rinosungirwa: Kudzivirira Chikamu 34 che IRPA PFLs

1. Pfupiso yeVatungamiriri & Hurongwa hweMutemo

pasi Immigration uye Refugee Kudzivirira Mutemo (IRPA), kusabvumidzwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza chimwe chezvipingamupinyi zvakanyanya kune vagari vekune dzimwe nyika nevagari venguva dzose vari kutsvaga kupinda kana chinzvimbo muCanada. Mumakore achangopfuura, vanhu vakapedza basa rechiuto rinosungirwa (SarbazimuIran uye vakatumirwa kuIslamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC /) zvisina kurongeka kana kuti vasingadi. Sepah-e-Pasdaran Enghelab Islami) vakatarisana nemhosva dzakapararira dzekusabvumidzwa pasi pe chikamu 34(1)(c) uye chikamu 34(1)(f) yeIRPA.

Pfungwa isiriyo inowanzoonekwa pakati pevanonyorera basa ndeyekuti nekuda kwekuti basa rechiuto muIran rinosungirwa nemutemo, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) ichabva yangobvumidza basa reIRGC. Basa rechiuto rinosungirwa haribvisi njodzi yekusagamuchirwa kwekuchengetedzwa.

Kana basa rakaitwa mukati meIRGC, vakuru veIRCC vanowanzotaura kuti havabvumirwi pasi pechikamu 34(1)(f) zvichibva pa "kuva nhengo" yesangano remagandanga rakanyorwa, zvisinei nekuti munyoreri wacho akazviita here kana kuti akatungamira zviito zvechisimba.

Zvisinei, mutemo weCanada unosimbisa misimboti miviri inokosha yemutemo:

1. Basa rechiuto rekumanikidzwa rega, pasina humbowo hwekuti munhu anobatanidzwa uye chinangwa chaicho, harisi kuratidza hugandanga hwemunhu pasi pechikamu 34(1)(c).
2. Basa rekumanikidzwa zvechokwadi—apo munhu aiita mabasa ake achimanikidzwa uye achizvichengetedza—hazvirevi kuti munhu ari “nhengo” yepamutemo pasi pechikamu 34(1)(f).

Kudzivirira tsamba yeProcedural Fairness Letter (PFL) ichiti kusagamuchirwa kwemutemo weIRGC kunoda hurongwa hwakasimba hweuchapupu hwakavakirwa mumutemo weCanada wekutonga nekupinda kwevanhu munyika. Pax Law Corporation yakagadzira gwara iri repamutemo kuti iongorore hurongwa hwemutemo, iongorore zvakamboitika munguva pfupi yapfuura muDare reFederal Court neDare reFederal Court of Appeal, uye itsanangure zvinodiwa zveuchapupu kuti uchengetedze mamiriro ako ekubuda kwevanhu munyika muCanada.

2. Kusawirirana chikamu 34(1)(c) (Kuita Zvehugandanga) uye chikamu 34(1)(f) (Nhengo)

Kuti uvake dziviriro inoshanda kubva kuProcedural Fairness Letter (PFL), munhu anofanira kusiyanisa pakati pezvikonzero zvepamutemo zvakanyorwa pasi peChikamu 34(1) cheIRPA:

Chikamu 34(1) Kusagamuchirwa kweChibatiso:
Mugari wechigarire kana mutorwa haabvumirwi kupinda muhotera nekuda kwezvikonzero zvekuchengetedza:

• (C) kuita zvehugandanga;
• (F) Kuva nhengo yesangano rine zvikonzero zvine musoro zvekutenda kuti rinobatanidzwa, rakabatikana kana kuti richapinda muzviito zvinotaurwa mundima (a), (b), (b.1) kana (c).

pasi Chikamu 33 cheIRPA, chiyero cheuchapupu chinoshandiswa muChikamu 34 "zvikonzero zvine musoro zvekutenda". Dare Repamusorosoro reCanada rakatsanangura "zvikonzero zvine musoro zvekutenda" sechinoda chimwe chinhu chinopfuura kungofungira chete, asi chisiri pasi pechiyero chevanhu chekuenzana kwezvingangoitika. Chiripo kana paine kutenda kwechokwadi kuti pane mukana wekuti chokwadi chiripo zvichibva pauchapupu hunovimbika.

2.1 Chikamu 34(1)(c): Maitiro Emunhu & Zvinodiwa Nechinangwa Chacho

Chikamu 34(1)(c) chinotarisa zvakanyanya pane zvemunyoreri zviito zvako zvegaIRCC haigone kuratidza kusagamuchirwa pasi pendima (c) nekungotaura kuti munyoreri aive nhengo yesangano kana kuti aishanda mukati maro.

Tsanangudzo yepamutemo yehugandanga mumutemo wekutamira kuCanada inobva pachisarudzo chakakosha cheDare Repamusorosoro reCanada muna Suresh v. Canada (Gurukota reZvizvarwa neKupinda Kwenyika), 2002 SCC 1. Dare Repamusorosoro rakatsanangura hugandanga pandima 98 sehunosanganisira chero:

"...chiito chakagadzirirwa kukonzera rufu kana kukuvara kwakanyanya kumunhuwo zvake, kana kune chero mumwe munhu asingatore chikamu muhondo mumamiriro ehondo, apo chinangwa chechiito chakadaro, nekuda kwehunhu hwacho kana mamiriro acho ezvinhu, chiri chekutyisidzira vanhu, kana kumanikidza hurumende kana sangano repasi rose kuti riite kana kurega kuita chero chiito."

In Foisal v. Canada (Ugari neKutama), 2021 FC 404, Dare reFederal rakatsanangura zvakakosha varume rea (pfungwa) inodiwa pandima (c):

• Chinangwa Chacho Chinosungirwa: Munhu kana sangano rinongo "ita zvehugandanga" pasi pechikamu 34(1)(c) kana vaine chinangwa chaicho chekukonzera rufu kana kukuvara kwakanyanya mumuviri (Foisal, pandima 14).
• Kushaya hanya uye Kusangwarira Hazvibatanidzwi: Zvinhu zvinoonekwa semunhu asina hanya, kushaya hanya, ruzivo, kana upofu hwemaune hazvigone kutsiva kana kugutsa zvinodiwa nemutemo zvechinangwa chaicho (Foisal, pandima 14).
• Mhirizhonga vs. Chinangwa: Zviito zvechiuto kana kutora chikamu muhondo/mhirizhonga hazvingoenzaniswi nechinangwa chekukonzera rufu kana kukuvara kwakanyanya kuvanhuwo zvavo nechinangwa chekumanikidza (Foisal, pandima 17).

Nzira Yakakosha Yemhinduro dzePFL: Mhinduro yePFL inofanira kuratidza kuti basa rechiuto rinomanikidzwa—pasina humbowo hwekuti munhu akaronga, akaita, kana kubatsira muzviito zvakanangana nevanhuwo zvavo—haakwanise kuzadzisa chikamu 34(1)(c). Mhinduro yacho inofanira kutsanangura mabasa chaiwo emunyoreri ezuva nezuva uye kusimbisa zvakasimba (kana zviri zvechokwadi) kuti munhu wacho haana kumbobvira atora chikamu mu:

• Kurwiswa kwevanhuwo zvavo kana kuti varatidziri vanopikisa hurumende;
• Kutarisa, kusunga, kana kubvunzurudza vanhuwo zvavo;
• Mabasa ekutambudza, kuponda vanhu, kana kuponda vanhu kunze kwedare;
• Mari yemagandanga, mafambiro emakambani ekunze, kana kutamiswa kwezvombo;
• Mabasa ehungwaru akanangana nevanhu vasiri varwi vemuno kana vekune dzimwe nyika.

2.2 Chikamu 34(1)(f): Nhengo & Zvikamu Zvishoma zveMutemo

Chikamu 34(1)(f) chinopa dambudziko rakasiyana repamutemo nekuti inyaya ye nzvimbo yakavakirwa pakuva nhengoKusiyana nendima (c), ndima (f) haidi kuti IRCC iratidze kuti munhu anenge anyorera basa akaita, akabatsira, kana kuti akapawo zviito zvehugandanga.

Dare reDare reDare reKukwidza Nyaya (Federal Court of Appeal) rakatsanangura magumo echikamu 34(1)(f) mu Kanagendren v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2015 FCA 86. Dare rakatonga kuti chikamu 34(1)(f) chinoita kwete zvinoda kuongororwa kwekupomerwa mhosva, uye hazvidi humbowo hwekuti munhu wacho aive "nhengo yechokwadi" kana kuti nhengo inoshanda yakabatsira zvikuru pakuita zvakaipa kwesangano (Kanagendren, pandima 22).

Uyezve:

• Zvinokwana Kuva Nhengo Chete: Kuva nhengo isina kuoma uye isina chisimba kunogona kukonzera ndima (f) kunyangwe munyoreri asina kutora chikamu kana kutsigira hugandanga (MN v. Canada (Kuchengetedzwa Kweveruzhinji uye Kugadzirira Emergency), 2019 FC 796, pandima 7).
• Hapana Kubatana Kwenguva Inodiwa: Dare reDare reDare reKukwidza Nyaya rakasimbiswa mu Najafi v. Canada (Kuchengetedzwa Kweveruzhinji uye Kugadzirira Emergency), 2014 FCA 262 (pandima 101) ndima iyoyo (f) haina muganho wenguva. Munyoreri haabvumirwi kana aive nhengo yesangano rinoita basa iri, akaita muchato, kana vachabatanidzwa muhugandanga.

Nekuda kweizvozvo, vachipikisa kuti munhu anenge anyorera basa rake akapedza basa rake reIRGC pamberi Canada yakagadza zviri pamutemo IRGC sesangano remagandanga pasi pemutemo we Criminal Code is kwete, pachayo, dziviriro yakakwana yepamutemo pasi pechikamu 34(1)(f).

3. Mhedzisiro yeMutemo yeIRGC Entity Listing

Chikwata cheIslamic Revolutionary Guard Corps chakanyorwa zviri pamutemo sechikwata chemagandanga zvichienderana nemutemo we Mitemo Inogadza Rondedzero yeMasangano yakaitwa pasi peChikamu 83.05 cheMutemo we Criminal Code (RSC, 1985, c. C-46). Mutemo uyu unotaura zvakajeka kuti:

"Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) (inozivikanwawo pakati pemamwe mazita sePasdaran, Sepah, uye Sepah-e-Pasdaran Enghelab Islami)."

3.1 Kunyorwa kweMasangano vs. Kusagamuchirwa kweMunhu Mumwe Nemumwe

Kunyorwa kweIRGC kunopa chiziviso chepamutemo chekuti sangano iri rinozadzisa chibvumirano cheboka remagandanga pasi pemutemo weCanada wemhosva. Muzviitiko zvekutonga pasi peIRPA, kunyorwa uku kunozadzisa chinodiwa kuratidza kuti Sangano anobatanidzwa kana kuti akambobatanidzwa muhugandanga.

Zvisinei, Kunyorwa kwesangano hakufungidziri kuti munhu wese akanyoreswa kana kuti akapihwa basa rekuita zvechiuto igandanga pasi pechikamu 34(1)(c) kana nhengo yekuzvipira pasi pechikamu 34(1)(f)IRCC inoramba iine mutoro wekuratidza kuti mugari wekune imwe nyika chaiye:

1. Aive "nhengo" yesangano rakanyorwa pamutemo (pane kumanikidzwa kushanda nechisimba); uye/kana
2. Ndakaita zvega mukusakodzera maitiro pasi pechikamu 34(1)(c).

3.2 Kusiyanisa Makambani, Makambani Madiki, uye Masangano Akabatana

Muzviitiko zvakawanda, varwi vekuIran vanopihwa basa rekuita mukati memauto eIran (Artesh), mapurojekiti ezvivakwa zvehurumende, makambani ekutengeserana anodzorwa neIRGC (akadai seKhatam al-Anbiya Construction Headquarters), kana masangano ehurumende ane hukama.

Kana IRCC ikaedza kusimbisa chikamu 34(1)(f) kusagamuchirwa zvichibva pabasa riri mukati mesangano rechipiri kana rakabatana naro, mukuru wehurumende anofanira kuisa humbowo hunoratidza kuti sangano iri neIRGC zvakafanana pamutemo uye mukushanda.

In Seeniyan v. Canada (Kuchengetedzwa Kweveruzhinji uye Kugadzirira Emergency), 2016 FC 956, Dare reFederal rakapa yambiro yakajeka maererano nevamiriri vesangano:

"Kungwarira kukuru kunofanira kuitwa usati watora kuva nhengo yesangano rimwe sechiratidzo chekuva nhengo yerimwe sangano." (Seeniyan, pandima 33)

Kana munyoreri akapedza basa rake muboka rakasiyana nehurongwa hwemauto eIRGC, mhinduro yePFL inofanira kupikisa IRCC kuti ipe hwaro hwechokwadi uye humbowo hunoratidza kuti sei kuva nhengo muboka iri kwakaenzana nekuva nhengo yesangano remagandanga rakanyorwa.

4. Kuongorora Mutemo Wakaipa: Vadiati v. Canada

Chero dziviriro yepamutemo inovimbika inopikisa PFL yakavakirwa paIRGC inofanira kutarisana nemutemo wakashata munguva pfupi yapfuura, kunyanya chisarudzo cheDare reFederal mu Vadiati v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2025 FC 1859.

4.1 Zvakawanikwa Zvikuru zve Vadiati v. Canada, 2025 FC 1859

In Vadiati, munyoreri akabvuma panguva yekugadziriswa kwake kwekubuda munyika kuti akashanda makore maviri ekumanikidzwa kupinda muchiuto muIRGC. Paakawana PFL, akataura kuti basa rake raisungirwa uye raiitwa pasi pekumanikidzwa kwemutemo.

Dare reFederal rakaramba ongororo yedare, richitsigira zvakawanikwa nemukuru wezvekupinda nekubuda munyika kuti hazvibvumidzwe zvichibva pane zvisarudzo zviviri zvakakosha:

1. Kugamuchirwa kweNhengo: Dare rakatonga kuti kana munhu akanyorera achibvuma pachena kuti ari nhengo yesangano rakanyorwa, mukuru wehurumende ane kodzero yekuvimba nekubvuma ikoko pasina kuita ongororo yakazara:

   "Kana munhu akabvuma kubva pakutanga kuti inhengo yesangano, hazvidikanwi kuti aenderere mberi nekuongorora." (Vadiati, pandima 21)

2. Chipimo Chakakwirira Chekumanikidza: Munyoreri akataura kuti kuramba basa kwaizotungamira mujeri, kurangwa nemari, kuwedzerwa kwebasa, uye zvirambidzo zvakakomba pakodzero dzevanhu (zvakadai sekurambidzwa kuwana pasipoti, rezinesi rekutyaira, kana basa repamutemo). Dare rakatsigira kuramba kwemupurisa kumanikidzwa:

   "...munyoreri haana kuratidza kuti mhedzisiro inogona kuitika yekukundikana kushanda muIRGC ... inosangana nenjodzi huru yerufu kana kukuvara mumuviri kana paine kumanikidzwa." (Vadiati, pandima 27)

4.2 Nei Nyaya dzeKupinda Mujeri Dzichikundikana Pasina Humbowo Hwekuti Chii Chiri Kuitika

Vadiati inoratidza pfungwa inowanzo kundikana mumhinduro dzePFL dzakagadzirira wega: Kungoti "basa rangu rechiuto raisungirwa" hazvina kukwana pamutemo.

Kusiyanisa nyaya yemunyoreri kubva kune Vadiatigweta rinofanira kuziva kuti Vadiati chaive chisarudzo chakanangana nechokwadi padanho reDare reFederal, kwete chisarudzo chinosunga cheDare reFederal reKukwidza Nyaya. Chinokosha ndechekuti, Vadiati zvakakundikana nekuti humbowo hwakaratidzwa pamberi pemupurisa hauna kuratidza njodzi yekukuvadzwa kwehupenyu kana kwemuviri, asi panzvimbo pezvo hwakavimba nematambudziko ehutungamiriri nemagariro evanhu.

5. Kumanikidzwa Kuva Nhengo & Kumanikidzwa Sekudzivirira Kunoshanda

Pasinei Vadiati, kuva nhengo yekumanikidzwa kunoramba kuri dziviriro inoshanda zvizere pamutemo weCanada kana yakarongedzwa zvakanaka pasi pemitemo yekukwidza nyaya.

5.1 Simba Rinosunga Nyaya Dzekukwidza Nyaya: Gaytan uye Rodriguez Anzola

Mutemo wekutanga wekubatana kwevanhu nekuda kwekumanikidzwa unobva kuDare Repamusoro reFederal muna Canada (Kuchengetedzwa Kweveruzhinji uye Kugadzirira Emergency) v. Gaytan, 2021 FCA 163. Vachitaura nezvekusabvumidzwa kwekuchengetedzwa, Mutongi Mainville akasimbisa kuti Paramende haina kumbobvira yaronga kuranga vanhu vakashandiswa nesimba rechokwadi:

"... pasinei nekuvapo kwechikamu 42.1, Paramende haina kuronga kuti nhengo dzisvike kune avo vakatorwa nechisimba nemagandanga kana sangano rematsotsi uye vakaita mabasa anoenderana nezvinangwa zvesangano rakadaro vachimanikidzwa." (Gaytan, pandima 79)

Dare iri Gaytan akasimbisa kuti kumanikidzwa kwechokwadi kunofanira kusiyaniswa nepfungwa dzakajairika, dzisinganyengetedzi apo munhu akazvipira kupinda musangano asi akazotaura kuti basa rake raive diki, risiri rechisimba, kana kuti risingashande (Gaytan, pandima 81).

Pfungwa iyi yakasimbiswazve neDare reDare reKukwidza Nyaya dzeDare reFederal muna Rodriguez Anzola v. Canada (Ugari neKutama), 2026 FCA 90. Dare rakasimbisa kuti Gaytan dzidziso inoshanda muhurongwa hwakakura hwekusabvumidzwa:

"...kumanikidzwa kuve nhengo kwaisagona kunge kwakagadzirirwa kunyorwa nezvikamu 34 ne37 [zveIRPA] uye kuti kumanikidzwa idambudziko rakakosha mukati mehurongwa hwekusagamuchirwa." (Rodriguez Anzola, pandima 64)

5.2 Mashandisirwo Anoshanda: Zigta uye Ghaffari

Mutemo weDare reFederal unoti mapurisa anoongorora zviri kupomerwa muChikamu 34 anofanirwa pamutemo kuongorora kumanikidzwa pamwe chete nezvikumbiro zvekuva nhengo:

• Zigta v. Canada (Ugari neKutama), 2023 FC 93: Dare reFederal rakasimbisa kuti kumanikidzwa hakugoni kupatsanurwa kana kufuratirwa:

  "Humbowo hune chekuita nekumanikidzwa hunofanira kutariswa pamwe chete nehumbowo hune chekuita nekuva nhengo mukusarudza kana munhu wacho aive nhengo yeboka zvechokwadi kana kuti, pane kudaro, aikurudzirwa nekuchengetedza." (Zigta, pandima 36)
  "Munhu haagoni kuonekwa senhengo yeboka kana kubatanidzwa kwake naro kwakavakirwa pakumanikidzwa." (Zigta, pandima 37)

• Ghaffari v. Canada (Ugari neKutama), 2013 FC 674: Kana mupurisa akapa mutongo wekusagamuchirwa pasina kuongorora sarudzo dzinoshanda, dzechokwadi dziripo kune vari muchiuto, mutongo wacho hauna musoro. Dare rakabvisa mutongo wakaipa nekuti mupurisa akapa "pfungwa shoma kana kuti chaiyo" yekuti munyoreri ane imwe nzira chaiyo uye yakachengeteka here pane kuita basa (Ghaffari, pandima 21).

5.3 Rondedzero Yakakwana Yekuongorora Uchapupu Hwekumanikidzwa

Kubudirira pasi pe Gaytan, Rodriguez Anzola, uye Zigta, kutumira kwemunyoreri kunofanira kunge kune humbowo hwakadzama, hwakapika hunosanganisira zvese zvakaitika kwavari pakunyoreswa muchiuto:

6. Hurongwa Hwekugadzirisa Maitiro Ekuita Basa (PFL)

Kana IRCC yaburitsa PFL ichiti haigamuchirwi pasi pechikamu 34(1)(c) kana (f), mhinduro yacho inofanira kurongwa uchishandisa dzimwe nzira dzemutemo. Kuvimba nepfungwa imwe chete inoisa munyoreri mukana wekuramba ipapo ipapo kana mupurisa akaramba pfungwa iyoyo.

6.1 Danho 1: Kujekesa Chokwadi & Kugadzirisa Zvakaitika Pamberi

Mhinduro inofanira kutanga nemashoko akajeka anoratidza nguva yebasa rinosungirwa kuitwa:

"Ndakaita basa rechiuto rekumanikidzwa (Sarbazi) kubva [Zuva] kusvika [Zuva] zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nemutemo weIran. Handina kunyorera nekuzvidira, kujoina, kana kutsvaga kuve nhengo yeIRGC, uye handina kutora dzidziso dzayo, kutsvaga kukwidziridzwa pabasa, kuwedzera basa rangu, kana kuita chero chii zvacho kuti ndifambise mberi zvinangwa zvehugandanga."

Kuwiriranisa Mashoko: Vanyoreri vekuIran vaiwanzoshandisa mazwi ekuti "nhengo" kana "kushumirwa" vachichinjana pakuzadza mafomu ekare ekugara kwenguva pfupi kana kuti ekugara zvachose. Kana mafomu ekare ekutamira kune dzimwe nyika, zvirevo zvevapoteri, kana magwaro ekubvunzurudzwa zvichitaura kuti munyoreri aive "nhengo yeIRGC," mhinduro inofanira kutaura zvakajeka nezvemusiyano uyu.

Mhinduro yacho inofanira kutsanangura kuti izwi iri rakashandiswa nenzira inotsanangura chete, isiri yepamutemo kuratidza kuvapo kwemuviri panguva yebasa rechiuto rinosungirwa, pane kuratidza kuzvipira kana kuva nhengo yesangano.

6.2 Danho rechipiri: Kuramba chikamu 34(1)(c) Kubatanidzwa Kwemunhu Pachake

Chikumbiro chinofanira kuramba zvakarongeka chero zvakataurwa kuti munyoreri pachake akabatana nehugandanga pasi pendima (c):

• Ipa tsananguro yakakwana yemabasa ezuva nezuva (semuenzaniso, mutariri webasa, mutyairi, makanika webasa, mubiki, murindi panzvimbo isingakuvadzi vanhu);
• Simbisa kuti munhu anenge anyorera tsamba haana kumbobvira aita mabasa ekurwa, kuunganidza ruzivo, kuvharirwa kwevanhu, kana mapurisa anorwisa vanhuwo zvavo;
• Simbisa kuti munyoreri haana chinangwa chaicho chekukonzera rufu kana kukuvadza muviri zvakanyanya nekuda kwechinangwa chekumanikidza kana chezvematongerwo enyika pasi pemutemo suresh uye Foisal.

6.3 Danho rechitatu: Kugadzira Nhengo Dzakamanikidzwa Kukunda s. 34(1)(f)

Kuti vakunde nyaya yekusarudzwa kwenhengo pasi pechikamu (f), mhinduro yacho inofanira kuratidza dziviriro yakakwana yekumanikidzwa pasi pechikamu Gaytan uye Rodriguez Anzola:

• Rondedzera maitiro ekusarudza nekumanikidza apo Vashandi Vakuru veMauto eIran (Kol-le Qavvat-e Mosallah) vanotumira vanhu vakanyoreswa kuArtesh kana IRGC zvisina tsarukano pasina mupi wezano wemunyoreri;
• Nyora zvirango zvakananga zvekusapinda muchiuto kana kuti kusiya chiuto muIran, uchiratidza zviri mumutemo weIranian Military Crimes Law (Qanun-e Mojazat-e Jaraye'm-e Mosallah), kusanganisira kuiswa mujeri zvakanyanya, kushungurudzwa panyama panguva yekuvharirwa muchiuto, uye njodzi huru kuchengetedzeka kwemhuri;
• Ratidza kuti munyoreri akashanda nekuda kwekuchengetedza hupenyu hwake uye haana nzira yakachengeteka uye chaiyo yekutiza kana imwe nzira.

6.4 Danho rechina: Zvinyorwa zveMabhuku uye Uchapupu

Mhinduro yePFL inonyengetedza inofanira kutsigirwa nehumbowo hwepakutanga hwemagwaro:

1. Afidhavhiti Yakapikirwa: Chirevo chakazara, chakanyoreswa kubva kumunyoreri chinotsanangura nguva chaiyo, maitiro ekusarudza, maitiro ezuva nezuva, mirairo yakagamuchirwa, uye mamiriro epfungwa panguva yebasa.
2. Zvinyorwa zveMasoja zveMutemo: Makadhi ekunyoreswa (Kart-e Payan-e Khedmat), zvitupa zvekudzingwa, mirairo yekugoverwa, uye zvikumbiro zvekutamiswa.
3. Magwaro Anosimbisa: Zvinyorwa zvekumbomira kudzidza, zvikumbiro zvekusapihwa mvumo yekurapwa, magwaro euchapupu kubva kune vamwe vashandi vekuchikoro kana vakuru vakuru (kana zvakachengeteka uye zvichibvira), uye zvinyorwa zvekuvharirwa.
4. Mamiriro Enyika & Humbowo Hwenyanzvi: Mishumo yenyanzvi dzenyika dzakazvimirira, magwaro eUNHCR, uye mishumo yekodzero dzevanhu isina kwayakarerekera inotsanangura hunhu hwekumanikidzwa kweIran kunyoresa muchiuto, kugoverwa kwevasungwa zvisina tsarukano kuIRGC, uye migumisiro yakaipa yekuramba kunyoresa muchiuto.

7. Kusimbisa Kururamisira Kwemaitiro: Kuda Humbowo Hwakasimba

Tsamba yeKururama kweMaitiro inofanira kupa munyoreri ruzivo rwakakwana kuti anzwisise nyaya yaari kupomerwa. Panyaya dzekusabvumidzwa kwekuchengetedzwa, mapurisa eIRCC anowanzo buritsa maPFL asina kujeka anowanzo taura nezve "humbowo hwese" kana kuongororwa kwehungwaru kusina kuziviswa.

7.1 Basa reKuzivisa Ruzivo pasi pe Thamilselvan uye Geng

Kururamisira kwemitemo yekutonga kunovimbisa kuti munyoreri anofanira kugamuchira "ruzivo rwakavakirwa pasarudzo" kuitira kuti agone kupindura zvine musoro, kugadzirisa zvikanganiso, uye kutumira humbowo hunopikisa (Thamilselvan v. Canada (Ugari neKutama), 2022 FC 66, pandima 18).

Kunyange hazvo kuburitswa pachena kweruzivo rwekuchengetedzwa kwenyika rwakakosha kuchirambidzwa pasi pechikamu 87 cheIRPA, IRCC inosungirwa pamutemo kuburitsa pachena chokwadi chikuru nezvikonzero zvinotungamira kuongororwa:

• Geng v. Canada (Ugari neKutama), 2023 FC 773: Dare reFederal rakatonga kuti IRCC inofanira kupa munyoreri "pfungwa huru" yezvinetso zvekuchengetedza. PFL inotsanangura ruzivo rwese rwenhoroondo asi ichivanza mishumo chaiyo kana pfupiso dzekuongorora dzakatungamira kutyorwa kweongororo yemupurisa iruramisiro yemaitiro (Geng, pandima 72-73).
• Thamilselvan v. Canada, 2022 FC 66: Kana mishumo yemukati isina kuburitswa pachena iine ongororo yemushandi wezvekupinda nekubuda kwevanhu munyika kana yesangano rekuchengetedza yebasa chairo remunyoreri—pane kungodzokorora zvakataurwa nemunyoreri—kuramba magwaro iwayo kunodzivirira mhinduro ine musoro uye kunokanganisa sarudzo (Thamilselvan, pandima 19).

7.2 Zvikumbiro Zvehumbowo Zvakarongeka

Pakupindura PFL, gweta rinofanira kuisa zviri pamutemo chikumbiro chekuburitsa pachena zvizere mugwaro rakanyorwa:

CHIDIMBU CHEPACHIVANHU CHEKUDA KUBUDISWA KWEMABHUKU:

1. Makopi akazara ezvose zvisina kugadziriswa kana pfupiso yekuongorora kwemukati, mishumo yekuongorora, uye manotsi kubva kuCanada Border Services Agency (CBSA), Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), uye National Security Screening Division (NSSD) yaivimbwa nayo nemupurisa;
2. Mishumo chaiyo yemamiriro enyika, gwara rekushanda, kana magwaro emahara anoshandiswa kubatanidza chikwata chemauto chemunyoreri kusangano guru reIRGC;
3. Matrix chaiyo yechokwadi yaishandiswa kutaura kuti munhu anozvidira kuva nhengo pasi pechikamu 34(1)(f) kana kuti munhu anobatanidzwa pasi pechikamu 34(1)(c); uye
4. Kuwedzerwa kwenguva yepamutemo yekuwedzera mhinduro chaiyo kana zvakumbirwa zvagamuchirwa.

Kunyora chikumbiro ichi pasi pemutemo kunodzivirira kodzero dzemunyoreri. Kana IRCC ikaramba kuburitswa pachena uye yozopa sarudzo isina kunaka, kukundikana kupa humbowo hwakakosha kunoumba hwaro hwakasimba hweJudicial Review pamberi peFederal Court of Canada.

8. Rubatsiro Rwemutemo uye Mamwe Magadzirirwo

Kunzwisisa kuti ndeapi matanho aripo—uye kuti ndeapi matanho anorambidzwa pamutemo—kwakakosha pakuronga hurongwa kwenguva refu.

8.1 Zviziviso zveVashumiri pasi pechikamu 42.1(1) IRPA

Hapana mutemo unongoerekana wabuda muchikamu 34 kune vanhu vakashanda vachimanikidzwa kana kumanikidzwa kupinda muchiuto. Kana munyoreri akaonekwa kuti haabvumidzwe pasi pechikamu 34, nzira huru yepamutemo yekubatsira ndeye Ministerial Declaration pasi Chikamu 42.1(1) cheIRPA:

Chikamu 42.1(1) Chiziviso cheVashumiri:
"Gurukota rinogona, kana ranyorerwa nemutorwa, kutaura kuti nyaya dziri kutaurwa muchikamu 34 ... hadzina kukodzera ... kana vakagutsa Gurukota kuti hazvipesani nezvinodiwa nenyika."

Chikumbiro cheChikamu 42.1 chinosanganisira kuongororwa kwakawanda nePublic Safety Canada neGurukota. Nekuti chiyero ichi chakavakirwa pa "zvido zvenyika," Chirevo cheMinister chinofanira kuteverwa senzira yakazvimirira yekugadzirisa dambudziko pane kutsiva kupikisa kuwanikwa kwekutanga kwekusagamuchirwa mumhinduro yePFL.

8.2 Mutemo weMutemo weH&C Relief Under s. 25(1) IRPA

Chikanganiso chinowanzoitwa nevanyoreri vasina kumiririrwa ndechekukumbira rubatsiro rweHumanitarian and Compassionate (H&C) pasi peChikamu 25(1) cheIRPA kana paine kusabvumidzwa kwekuchengetedzwa.

Chikamu 25(1) chinorambidza pachena rubatsiro rweH&C pakusabvumidzwa kwekuchengetedzwa:

"Gurukota harifanirwe kufunga nezvechikumbiro chekubatsira vanhu netsitsi kana mugari wekune imwe nyika asingabvumidzwe pasi pechikamu 34, 35 kana 37." (IRPA, s. 25(1))

Nekuda kweizvozvo, vakuru veIRCC havana simba repamutemo rekurega chikamu 34 chekusabvumidzwa nekuda kwezvikonzero zvetsitsi, mhuri, kana zvakanakira mwana. Nharo dzese dzepamutemo mumhinduro yePFL dzinofanira kutarisa zvakanyanya pakupikisa zvinhu zvechokwadi uye zvemutemo zvechikamu 34(1)(c) uye chikamu 34(1)(f).

9. Seminari Yepamutemo Yemahara & Rubatsiro Rwakakosha rwePFL

Kutsvaga tsamba yepamutemo yeIRGC kana kuti kusabvumidzwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwemhosva kunoda mumiriri wepamutemo ane hunyanzvi. Pax Law Corporation inokukoka kuti upinde musangano wedu wepamutemo wepachena wevanhu kuti ukurukure nezvezviitiko izvi nechikwata chedu chemhosva dzevatorwa.

Ruzivo rweSeminari

• Topic: Kufamba Nekusabvumirwa Kwekuchengetedzwa kweIRGC, Kunyoreswa Muuto Zvinosungirwa, uye Kupindura Tsamba Dzekururamisira Muitiro (s. 34 IRPA)
• Zuva: NeChishanu, Nyamavhuvhu 14, 2026
• Time: 1:00 PM – 3:00 PM PDT
• Location: Nzvimbo Yenharaunda yeDelbrook (Imba yeArbutus), 851 W Queens Rd, North Vancouver, BC V7N 4E3
• Kubvuma: Mahara (Yakavhurirwa veruzhinji)

Dhisikaundi Yekupinda Yakakosha

Kana iwe kana nhengo yemhuri yako yakagamuchira Tsamba Yekururamisira Kwemitemo (PFL) kana kuti uri kutarisana nezvinetso zvekusabvumirwa kuchengetedzwa nekuda kwebasa remauto eIran muIRGC, uya nemagwaro ako kumusangano uyu. Pax Law Corporation iri kupa 10% kubva pamari yematare kune vese vanenge varipo vane humbowo hwekuti vakapinda chirongwa chePFL.

Kuti muwane mibvunzo yepamutemo kana kuronga musangano nechikwata chedu chematare edzimhosva dzekuenda kune dzimwe nyika, shanyirai Iyo kambani Pax Law Corporation Website.