Lamulo la Immigration ndi Refugees
Kuwerenga Nthawi
KUWERENGA KWA MPHINDI 6
Pangano la Safe Third Country Agreement (STCA) ndilofunika kwambiri pa kayendetsedwe ka anthu olowa m'dziko la Canada, kuwonetsa njira yake yothanirana ndi madandaulo achitetezo omwe amaperekedwa kumalire ake. Mgwirizanowu, womwe unapangidwa ndi United States, umagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakupanga kusintha kwachitetezo cha othawa kwawo komanso kuyang'anira malire. Popeza anthu osamukira ku Canada amakhalabe mutu wokhudza chidwi cha anthu komanso mkangano wa mfundo, kumvetsetsa za STCA ndikofunikira kuti timvetsetse momwe zimakhudzira ofunafuna chitetezo komanso momwe anthu ambiri amasamukira.
Pangano la Safe Third Country Agreement ndi mgwirizano wapakati pa Canada ndi United States, womwe unayamba kugwira ntchito pa Disembala 29, 2004. Cholinga chake chachikulu ndikuwongolera mayendedwe a othawa kwawo pamalire a malo omwe amagawana nawo, kuwonetsetsa kuti anthu ofuna chitetezo atero dziko loyamba lotetezeka lomwe amalowamo. Pansi pa mgwirizanowu, ofunafuna chitetezo omwe amafika ku Canada kudzera ku United States nthawi zambiri sali oyenerera kunena za othawa kwawo, kupatulapo zina. Dongosololi likufuna kuchepetsa zolemetsa zomwe maiko onsewa akukumana nazo poletsa kugula malo achitetezo, komwe anthu amafuna kupeza chitetezo m'maiko angapo.
Mgwirizanowu wazikidwa pa mfundo yakuti Canada ndi United States zikupereka njira zolimba zotetezera anthu othawa kwawo, motero aliyense akuyenera kukhala “dziko lachitatu lotetezeka.” STCA imagwira ntchito pamadandaulo omwe amaperekedwa podutsa malire ovomerezeka, osati kwa omwe amalowa m'njira zina, monga mabwalo a ndege kapena malo omwe si aboma. Ngakhale kuti cholinga chake chinali kukonza njira zopulumutsira, STCA yakhala ikukangana ndi zovuta zalamulo, ndipo otsutsa akutsutsa kuti ikhoza kuphwanya malamulo apadziko lonse pansi pa Refugee Convention pobwezera anthu ku chizunzo.
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Pangano la Dziko Lachitatu Lotetezedwa kungayambike pambuyo pa zigawenga za pa Seputembara 11, 2001, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale nkhawa zachitetezo ndikuwunikanso malamulo amalire apakati pa Canada ndi United States. Mayiko awiriwa adayesetsa kulimbikitsa mgwirizano pakuwongolera kusamuka komanso kuwonetsetsa chitetezo cha dziko. STCA idatuluka muzokambiranazi ngati njira yolumikizira kusungitsa chitetezo ndikuletsa kusamuka kosakhazikika kudutsa malire omwe amagawana nawo, kuwonetsa njira yokulirapo pakuwonjezera chitetezo kumalire.
Kukambitsirana kotsogolera ku STCA kunakhudza kulinganiza kufunikira kwa chitetezo ndi kudzipereka ku ufulu wa anthu ndi chitetezo cha othawa kwawo. Mgwirizanowu udakhazikitsidwa mu 2002 ndipo udakhazikitsidwa mu 2004, zomwe zidasintha kwambiri momwe Canada ndi United States zimagwirira ntchito zopempha chitetezo. Inali gawo la njira zambiri zachitetezo ndi anthu olowa, kuphatikiza Smart Border Declaration, yomwe cholinga chake chinali kulimbikitsa malo otetezeka komanso ogwira ntchito m'malire. Kwa zaka zambiri, STCA yakhala ikuyang'aniridwa ndi kukambirana nthawi ndi nthawi, makamaka chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka anthu othawa kwawo komanso mavuto azamalamulo omwe amakayikira kuti ikugwirizana ndi zofunikira za othawa kwawo padziko lonse lapansi.
Pangano la Safe Third Country Agreement limafotokoza kuti ofunafuna chitetezo ayenera kufunafuna chitetezo m'dziko loyamba lotetezeka lomwe amalowamo, kuletsa zina zomwe zimalola kuti zonena zichitike m'dziko lachiwiri. Kupatulapo izi ndi monga zochitika zokhudza kugwirizanitsa mabanja, ana osatsagana nawo, ndi omwe ali ndi ma visa ovomerezeka ochokera kudziko lachiwiri. Mgwirizanowu ukugwira ntchito makamaka pakuwoloka malire akumtunda, kutanthauza kuti anthu omwe amafika pama eyapoti kapena madoko anyanja satsatira zomwe wapereka. Dongosololi likufuna kuwonetsetsa kuti pachitika dongosolo ladongosolo komanso lodziwikiratu lothandizira anthu othawa kwawo kumalire a Canada ndi US.
Kayendetsedwe ka STCA imayang'aniridwa ndi mndandanda wa malamulo ndi malangizo omwe mayiko onsewa ayenera kutsatira. Izi zikuphatikiza njira zogawana zidziwitso, njira zothanirana ndi zomwe zasiya, ndi ndondomeko zobwezera anthu ku United States ngati akuwoneka kuti ndi osayenera kukapempha chitetezo ku Canada. Mgwirizanowu umaphatikizaponso zofunikira zowunikira nthawi zonse ndikukambirana pakati pa mayiko awiriwa, kulola kusintha malinga ndi kusintha kwa zinthu kapena zigamulo zalamulo. Ngakhale malamulo atsatanetsatanewa, STCA yakhala ikudzudzulidwa ndikuwunikiridwa mwalamulo, makamaka pankhani ya chithandizo cha anthu ofunafuna chitetezo komanso kukwanira kwa njira yopulumukira ku United States.
Pangano la Safe Third Country Agreement lakhudza kwambiri anthu osamukira ku Canada, makamaka pankhani ya kuchuluka kwa anthu ofunafuna chitetezo. Posankha dziko la United States ngati dziko lachitatu lotetezeka, STCA yachepetsa bwino chiwerengero cha anthu othawa kwawo omwe amaperekedwa kumalire a Canada. Izi zalola dziko la Canada kugawa chuma moyenera m'kati mwa kayendetsedwe ka anthu osamukira kudziko lina, kuyang'ana pa zonena zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi mgwirizano. Komabe, zapangitsanso kuwunika kochulukira kwa mikhalidwe yomwe ofunafuna chitetezo abwerera ku United States ndi chilungamo chonse cha njira yopulumukira.
Otsutsa amanena kuti STCA ikhoza kuchepetsa mwayi wotetezedwa kwa anthu omwe ali ndi zifukwa zovomerezeka, chifukwa amalingalira chitetezo ndi kukwanira kwa dongosolo la chitetezo cha US, lomwe lakumana ndi zovuta zake komanso zotsutsa. Izi zapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta zamalamulo ndikuyitanitsa kusintha, pomwe otsutsa akuwonetsa kuti mgwirizanowu ukhoza kuphwanya zomwe dziko la Canada likuchita mogwirizana ndi Refugee Convention. Zomwe STCA zakhudza anthu osamukira ku Canada zikupitilizabe kukhala nkhani yovuta, kuwonetsa mikangano yokulirapo yokhudzana ndi chitetezo, kudzipereka kothandiza anthu, komanso mgwirizano wapadziko lonse poteteza othawa kwawo.
Pangano la Safe Third Country Agreement likadali gawo lofunikira koma lovuta mkangano pamalamulo aku Canada olowa ndi otuluka. Ikuwonetsa zovuta za kulinganiza zofuna za chitetezo cha dziko ndi kudzipereka kwa chitetezo cha anthu othawa kwawo. Pamene mikangano ikupitilira pakuchita bwino kwake komanso chilungamo chake, STCA imagwira ntchito ngati malo oyambira zokambirana za momwe Canada ndi United States zingagwirizanitse madandaulo a chitetezo kwinaku akukwaniritsa udindo wawo wapadziko lonse lapansi. Kumvetsetsa zovuta za mgwirizanowu ndikofunikira kuti amvetsetse udindo wake pakukonza momwe anthu osamukira ku Canada amakhalira komanso zomwe zimakhudza tsogolo la chitetezo cha othawa kwawo ku North America.
STCA ndi pangano pakati pa Canada ndi United States lomwe cholinga chake ndi kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa anthu ofuna chitetezo m'malire a dziko lomwe akugawana mwa kuwapempha kuti apemphe chilolezo cha othawa kwawo m'dziko loyamba lotetezeka lomwe alowamo.
Mgwirizanowu unayamba kugwira ntchito pa Disembala 29, 2004.
Cholinga chachikulu ndikuwongolera zopempha chitetezo kumalire a dziko la Canada ndi US ndikuletsa kugula chitetezo.
Ayi, lamulo la STCA limagwira ntchito pokhapokha pa zopempha za chitetezo zomwe zimaperekedwa pamalire ovomerezeka pakati pa Canada ndi United States.
Zina mwa zinthu zomwe zingachitike ndi monga kubwereranso m'banja, ana osaperekezedwa, ndi anthu omwe ali ndi ma visa ovomerezeka ochokera kudziko lina.
Otsutsa amanena kuti izi zitha kuchepetsa mwayi wopeza chitetezo kwa ofunafuna chitetezo komanso kuphwanya malamulo a Canada pansi pa Mgwirizano wa Othawa kwawo.
Linapangidwa pambuyo pa zigawenga zomwe zinachitika pa Seputembala 11, 2001 kuti lipititse patsogolo chitetezo cha m'malire ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa anthu osamukira kumayiko ena.
Anthu ofuna malo obisalamo omwe amalowa ku Canada kuchokera ku US nthawi zambiri sakhala oyenerera kupempha chilolezo chokhala othawa kwawo motsatira malamulo a STCA, kupatulapo zina.
Ayi, mgwirizanowu sugwira ntchito kwa ofunafuna chitetezo omwe amalowa m'malire osavomerezeka.
STCA imakhudzidwa ndi zomwe zaperekedwa pansi pa Pangano la Othawa kwawo komanso malamulo apadziko lonse okhudza ufulu wachibadwidwe.
Chidziwitso chomwe chaperekedwachi ndi cha cholinga chodziwitsa anthu komanso chophunzitsa okha ndipo sichingakhale cholondola. Chidziwitsochi sichilowa m'malo mwa kupeza upangiri wa zamalamulo kuchokera kwa loya wodziwa bwino ntchito. Ngati mukukumana ndi vuto la zamalamulo, muyenera kupanga nthawi yokumana ndi m'modzi mwa maloya athu ovomerezeka komanso ogwira ntchito.
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