Wāhanga 266 Ture Taihara o Kanata: Whakamārama mō te Whakaekenga Māmā

He aha te Wāhanga 266 o te Ture Taihara o Kanata?

Te Wāhanga 266 o te Ture Taihara o Kanata e whakatū ana i te hara o te whakaeke noa (e kiia ana hoki ko te whakaeke noa, ko te whakaeke rānei te whakamāmā i te whakaeke) me te whakatakoto i ana whiu ture. Me kōrero te hunga e pāngia ana e ngā whakapae i raro i tēnei whakaritenga ki tētahi tohunga rōia tiaki taihara i Kanata i Pax Law Corporation kia mārama ai koe ki te whakamahinga o ngā ture tukanga. Ahakoa e whakamāramahia ana te whiu e te Wāhanga 266, ko te whakamāramatanga ture matua mō te whakaeke kei roto i te Wāhanga 265: te whakamahi i te kaha ā-whakaaro, kāore i te whakaaetia ki tētahi atu tangata, te ngana, te whakawehi rānei i te kaha mā te mahi, mā te tohu rānei, te whakatata atu, te aukati rānei i tētahi me te mau pū.

E penei ana te kōrero a te Wāhanga 266 o te Ture Taihara:

"Ko te tangata katoa e mahi ana i te whakaeke, he hara ia mō
(a) he hara e taea ai te whakapae, ā, ka taea te whiu i te whare herehere mō te wā e kore e neke atu i te rima tau;
(b) he hara e whiua ana ina whakataua he hara whakarāpopototanga.”
- Ture Taihara, wāhanga 266

Nā te mea he hara ranu te whakaeke noa, ka whakatau te kaiwhakapae a te Karauna mēnā ka haere tonu mā te whakapae (me te whiu mōrahi o te rima tau i roto i te whare herehere) mā te whakatau whakawā poto rānei (ka taea te whiu tae atu ki te rua tau iti iho i te rā, te whiu tae atu ki te $5,000, ngā mea e rua rānei).

Ngā Momo Ture e Toru o te Whakaeke i raro i te Wāhanga 265(1)

Hei whakatū i te hara i raro i te Wāhanga 266, me whakaatu e te kaiwhakapae tētahi o ngā momo whakaeke e toru kua whakarārangitia i raro i te wāhanga iti 265(1). R v Androsoff, 2023 SKCA 42 (i te para 40), i whakaū te Kōti Pīra o Saskatchewan he whakataunga hara i raro i te wāhanga 266 "me whai taunakitanga kāore e taea te ruarua mō tētahi o ngā āhuatanga e toru o te whakaekenga kua whakarārangihia i raro i te wāhanga 265(1)."

1. Te Whakamahinga Āta o te Kaha (s. 265(1)(a))

Ko te kaha tinana e whakamahia tika ana (pēnei i te pana, te papaki, te patu, te hopu rānei i te ringa, i te kākahu rānei) e tutuki ana rānei i te whakamāramatanga ture. I roto i R v Palombi, 2007 ONCA 486 (i te para 28), i whakaū te Kōti Pīra o Ontario:

"Ko te whakamahi ā-tūturu i te kaha – ahakoa he kaha iti noa iho – me te kore whakaae a te patunga, he whakaekenga mēnā kāore he parenga e pā ana."

Kāore te kaiwhakapae e hiahia kia whara tinana te tangata, kia rapu maimoatanga hauora rānei kia whakamāramahia ai te mahi whakaeke noa.

2. Ngā Whakamataku me ngā Nganatanga mā te Mahi, mā te Tohu rānei (s. 265(1)(b))

Kāore e hiahiatia te whakapā tinana i raro i te wāhanga iti 265(1)(b). Mēnā ka ngana, ka whakawehi rānei tētahi tangata ki te whakamahi i te kaha mā te mahi, mā te tohu rānei, ā, kei a ia te kaha o nāianei (ka ārahi rānei i te kaiwhakapae kia whakapono tika kei a ia te kaha) ki te mahi i tēnā, ka puta he whakaeke.

Hei tauira, ko te hiki i te ringa i a koe e whakatata atu ana ki tētahi, te pupuri i te maripi, te whakatere rānei i te waka ki ngā kaihaerere. R v Dawydiuk, 2010 BCCA 162 (i te para 30), i whakamārama te Kōti Pīra o British Columbia:

"E kore ngā kupu noa e kiia he whakaeke. E rawaka ana tētahi mahi, tētahi nekehanga rānei, mēnā ka whakamārama te Karauna i ngana, i whakawehi rānei te tangata whakapae, mā te mahi, mā te nekehanga rānei, ki te whakamahi i te kaha ki tētahi atu tangata..."

I raro i tēnei wāhanga iti, ko te hara kei roto i te whakawehi, i te ngana rānei, ehara i te mea i tutuki te whakapā (Dawydiuk, i te para 31).

3. Te Whakahē i te Wā e Mau Pū Ana (s. 265(1)(c))

Mena ka mau, ka kawe rānei te tangata whakapae i tētahi patu, i tētahi patu rūpahu rānei, ā, ka ārai, ka whakatata, ka tono rānei i tētahi atu tangata, ka tutuki i te whanonga te whakamāramatanga o te whakaeke. E pā ana tēnei whakaritenga ki te mau pū kitea i a ia e ārai ana i tētahi, he rerekē i te whakamahi, i te whakawehi rānei ki te whakamahi i te patu i raro i te Wāhanga 267(a).

Ngā Huānga Matua Me Whakamātautau e te Karauna

I roto i tētahi whakawakanga paerewa i raro i te Wāhanga 266 mā te Wāhanga 265(1)(a), me whakamatau e te Karauna ia o ngā āhuatanga e whai ake nei me te kore e ruarua:

• I pā te kaha, te pā tinana rānei ki te kaiwhakapae;
• I pāngia te kaha e te tika, e te kore tika rānei;
• He mea āta whakaarohia te whakamahinga o te kaha, ehara i te mea tūpono noa, i te mea ngāwari rānei;
• Kāore te kaiwhakapae i whakaae ki te whakamahi i te kaha; ā
• Kāore i tika te whanonga i raro i tētahi tikanga tiaki ture kua whakamanatia.

Te Hiahia ki te Whakamahi i te Kaha, me te Hiahia ki te Whara: Me whakaatu e te Karauna tētahi whakamahinga ā-tauira o te kaha, engari kāore e hiahiatia kia whakaatu i tētahi hiahia ki te whara i te tinana. R v Richards, 2020 ABCA 63 (i te para 12), i kī te kooti:

"Me whakamahi ā-hinengaro te tangata whakapae i te kaha; heoi anō, kāore he whakaritenga e hiahia ana ia ki te whara."

E ai ki te whakaū i roto i Pāramī (i te para 36), ka oti te hara i runga i te whakamahinga ā-whakaae o te kaha. Mena ka tūtaki ā-whakaaro tetahi tangata ki tētahi atu tangata, ā, ka hinga taua tangata, ka whati te wheua, kāore te kore o te whakaaro ki te whati i te wheua e whakakore i te kawenga i raro i te Wāhanga 266.

Whakaaetanga: Ngā Herenga Ture me ngā Whakamāramatanga Ture Noa

Ko te kore whakaae he wāhanga matua o te whakapae whakaeke. Te Ture Taihara o Kanata e whakatakoto ana i ngā ture mārama mō te wā e kore ai e whai mana ture te whakaae āhua noa.

Te Whakakorenga ā-Ture o te Whakaaetanga (Wāhanga 265(3))

I raro i te Wāhanga 265(3), ka whakakorea te whakaaetanga mēnā ka whakaae te kaiwhakapae, ka kore rānei e ātete nā te mea:

1. Te whakamahi i te kaha;
2. Ngā tūmomo whakawehi, ngā tūmomo wehi rānei kei pāngia koe e te kaha;
3. Te tinihanga; ranei
4. Te whakamahi i te mana.

Ko te wahangu, te kore ātete rānei e puta mai ana i te whakamataku, te akiaki, te whakamahi kino rānei i te mana, ehara i te whakaaetanga ture.

Te Whakapono Pono engari He Hē ki te Whakaaetanga (Wāhanga 265(4))

Ka taea e te tangata whakapae te whakaara ake i te parepare e whakapono pono ana rātou i whakaae te kaiwhakapae. I raro i te Wāhanga 265(4), ka arotakehia e te kooti mēnā he take whaitake mō taua whakapono puta noa i ngā taunakitanga katoa. I roto i R v Te Mete, (1994) BCCA (i te para 17), i whakatau te Kōti Pīra o British Columbia:

"Ki te whakapono pono te tangata nāna i whakamahi te kaha kei a ia te whakaaetanga a te tangata kē, kāti kāore taua tangata e hara."

Ngā Pakanga Whakaaetanga me ngā Herenga Ture Noa

He herenga ture te whakaaetanga i roto i ngā tautohetohe ā-tinana. R v Jobidon, (1991) I whakatau te Kōti Matua o Kanata, arā, te SCC, kāore e taea e te whakaaetanga te whakakore i te whakaeke i waenga i ngā pakeke mā te āta hanga whara kino, whara tinana rānei i te wā o te whawhai ringa. R v Paice, 2005 SCC 22 (i te para 18), i whakaū te Kōti Matua "Me whai kino nui a Jobidon, i whakaarohia, i puta rānei, kia whakakorea ai te whakaaetanga."

I roto i tētahi pakanga whakaae, kāore i te whakaarohia, i te meinga rānei he kino nui, ka hipokina e te whakaaetanga ngā whiu i whakaarohia i roto i te pakanga (R v Gardiner(2018 ABCA 298, kei te para 3). Heoi, ko te whanonga e neke atu ana i te mea i whakaarohia tika ka taka ki waho o taua whakaaetanga. Kāore e whakaaetia ngā hākinakina pā ture me ngā tikanga hauora. Jobidon herenga

Wehenga Whakataurite: Te Wāhanga 266 vs. Ngā Whakapae Whakanuia

E pā ana te Wāhanga 266 ki te whakaeke i te wāhi kāore he whara kino i puta. Mēnā he patu, he whakamate, he whara kino rānei e pā ana, ka nui ake ngā utu ture.

Ngā Parenga Ture e Mōhiotia ana: Te Parenga-ā-Iho me te Whakahaurangi

Te Tiaki i a Ia Anō (Wāhanga 34)

E ai ki te Wāhanga 34(1) o te Ture Taihara, kāore he hara o tētahi mahi mena ka tutukihia ngā paearu e toru:

• I whakapono te tangata i whakapaea, i runga i ngā take whaitake, kei te whakamahia te kaha, kei te whakawehi rānei i a ia, i tētahi atu tangata rānei;
• I mahia te mahi hei tiaki, hei tiaki rānei i a ia; ā,
• He tika te mahi i roto i taua āhuatanga.

I raro i te Wāhanga 34(2), ka whakatauhia e te kooti te whaitake mā te whai whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga tae atu ki te āhua me te tata mai o te riri, mēnā he huarahi kē atu e wātea ana, te rahi me ngā āheinga tinana o ngā rōpū, te whakamahinga o ngā patu, me te ōritetanga o te urupare. Kāore te tiaki-ā-koe e whakamana i ngā mahi rapu utu, i te tutu rānei e haere tonu ana i muri i te memeha o te riri.

Te haurangi nui (Wāhanga 33.1)

Ko te haurangi nui i mahia e ia anō kei raro i te mana o te Wāhanga 33.1. Mō ngā hara e pā ana ki te whakaeke, te whakararuraru rānei i te tinana, kāore te haurangi nui i mahia e ia anō e whakarato i te parepare ina he nui te peka ke o te tangata whakapae i te paerewa tiaki e tumanakohia ana mai i te tangata whakaaro nui i mua i tana haurangi.

Ngā Whiu me ngā Huarahi Tukanga i raro i te Wāhanga 266

Ko te whakatau i raro i te Wāhanga 266 e whakawhirinaki ana ki te pōtitanga a te Karauna:

1. Ara Hara e Taea te Whakawakia

• Te Rerenga Mōrahi: Tae atu ki te 5 tau o te herehere.
• Te Whānuitanga o te Whiu: E rima tau te roa o te whiunga ture. Ko ngā whiunga tūturu e whakaata ana i ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te hītori taihara o mua, te kino o te whanonga, te horopaki o te kāinga, me te pouri.

2. Whakarāpopototanga o te Ara Whakapono

Mena ka whakawakia wawetia, ka pā ngā ture whiu whānui i raro i te Wāhanga 787(1):

• Whiu Mōrahi: Ki te $ 5,000.
• Te Whakamauheretanga Mōrahi: Tae atu ki te rua tau te iti iho i te rā.
• Whiu Whakakotahi: Ka taea te tono i te utu whiu me te herehere.

wā here: I raro i te Wāhanga 786(2), me tīmata ngā whakahaerenga whakarāpopototanga i roto i ngā marama 12 o te huihuinga, ki te kore e whakaae te kaiwhakapae me te tangata whakapae kia haere tonu i tua atu i taua wā.

Pātai Auau