Umthetho Wezokufika kanye Nababaleki
Isikhathi Sokufunda
UKUFUNDA NGEMZUZU EYI-6
I-Safe Third Country Agreement (STCA) iyisici esibalulekile sohlaka lokuthuthela kwelinye izwe lwase-Canada, esibonisa indlela yaso yokusingatha izimangalo zokukhosela ezenziwa emingceleni yayo. Lesi sivumelwano, esakhiwe ne-United States, sidlala indima ebalulekile ekubumbeni ukuguquguquka kokuvikelwa kwababaleki kanye nokuphathwa kwemingcele. Njengoba ukuthuthela eCanada kuseyisihloko esithakaselwa umphakathi kanye nenkulumompikiswano yenqubomgomo, ukuqonda izici ze-STCA kubalulekile ukuze sibambe umthelela wayo kwabafuna ukukhoseliswa kanye nezwe elibanzi labafuduki.
I-Safe Third Country Agreement yisivumelwano samazwe amabili phakathi kwe-Canada ne-United States, esaqala ukusebenza ngomhla ka-29 Disemba 2004. Inhloso yaso eyinhloko ukulawula ukugeleza kwabafake izicelo zababaleki emngceleni womhlaba owabiwe, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abafuna indawo yokukhosela benza kanjalo izwe lokuqala eliphephile abangena kulo. Ngaphansi kwalesi sivumelwano, abafuna ukukhoseliswa abafika e-Canada bedlula e-United States ngokuvamile abafanelekile ukwenza isimangalo sababaleki, ngaphandle kokunye okuhlukile. Lolu hlelo luhlose ukwehlisa umthwalo kumasistimu wokufika kwabantu bamazwe womabili ngokuvimbela ukuthenga indawo yokukhosela, lapho abantu befuna ukucela ukukhoseliswa emazweni amaningi.
Isivumelwano sisekelwe esisekelweni sokuthi kokubili iCanada ne-United States zinikeza izinhlelo eziqinile zokuvikela ababaleki, ngaleyo ndlela zifanelekela ngamunye “njengezwe lesithathu eliphephile.” I-STCA isebenza kuphela ezicelweni ezenziwa ezindaweni eziwela imingcele yomhlaba ngokusemthethweni, futhi hhayi kulabo abangena ngezinye izindlela, njengezikhumulo zezindiza noma izindawo zemingcele ezingekho emthethweni. Naphezu kwezinhloso zayo zokulungisa izinqubo zokukhoseliswa, i-STCA ibe yindaba yempikiswano nezinselelo zomthetho, abagxeki bethi ingase yephule izibopho zamazwe ngamazwe ngaphansi kweSivumelwano Sababaleki ngokubuyisela abantu ekushushisweni.
Ukuthuthukiswa kweSivumelwano Sezwe Lesithathu Elivikelekile kungalandelelwa emuva ngemuva kokuhlasela kwamaphekula kwangomhla ziyi-11 Septhemba 2001, okwadala ukukhathazeka okukhulu kwezokuphepha kanye nokuhlolwa kabusha kwezinqubomgomo zemingcele phakathi kweCanada ne-United States. Womabili la mazwe afuna ukuthuthukisa ukubambisana ekulawuleni ukufuduka kwabantu kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwezwe. I-STCA yavela kulezi zingxoxo njengendlela yokuxhumanisa ukucutshungulwa kwendawo yokukhosela futhi ingakhuthazi ukufuduka okungavamile ukuwela umngcele wabo okwabelwana ngawo, okubonisa inkambiso ebanzi eya ekuthuthukisweni kwezokuphepha emngceleni.
Izingxoxo eziholela ku-STCA zazibandakanya ukulinganisa isidingo sokuvikeleka nokuzibophezela kumalungelo abantu nokuvikelwa kwababaleki. Lesi sivumelwano senziwa ngokusemthethweni ngo-2002 futhi saqala ukusebenza ngo-2004, okuphawula ushintsho olukhulu endleleni iCanada ne-United States ezisingatha ngayo izicelo zokukhoseliswa. Bekuyingxenye yohlu olubanzi lwezinyathelo zokuphepha kanye nokuthuthela kwelinye izwe, okuhlanganisa ne-Smart Border Declaration, okuhloswe ngayo ukukhuthaza indawo yomngcele evikelekile nephumelelayo. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, i-STCA ibilokhu ingaphansi kokubuyekezwa kanye nezingxoxo ngezikhathi ezithile, ikakhulukazi uma kubhekwa amaphethini okufuduka athuthukayo kanye nezinselele zomthetho ezingabaza ukuhambisana kwayo nezibopho zababaleki bamazwe ngamazwe.
I-Safe Third Country Agreement ibeka ukuthi abafuna ukukhoseliswa kufanele bafune isivikelo ezweni lokuqala eliphephile abafika kulo, ngaphandle kwemibandela ethile evumela ukuba izicelo zenziwe ezweni lesibili. Lokhu okuhlukile kufaka phakathi izimo ezibandakanya ukuhlangana kabusha komndeni, izingane ezingaphelezelwa muntu, nalabo abaphethe ama-visa avumelekile asuka ezweni lesibili. Isivumelwano sisebenza ngokuqondile ekweqeni imingcele yezwe, okusho ukuthi abantu abafika ezikhumulweni zezindiza noma ezikhumulweni zasolwandle abekho ngaphansi kwemibandela yaso. Lolu hlaka luhlose ukuqinisekisa inqubo ehlelekile nengabikezelwa yokusingatha izicelo zababaleki emngceleni we-Canada-US.
Ukusebenza kwe-STCA kulawulwa uchungechunge lwemithetho kanye neziqondiso okumele amazwe womabili ahambisane nazo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izindlela zokwabelana ngolwazi, izinqubo zokuphatha okuhlukile, kanye nezinqubo zokubuyisela abantu e-United States uma bethathwa njengabangafanelekile ukuthola indawo yokukhosela e-Canada. Lesi sivumelwano sihlanganisa nezinhlinzeko zokubuyekezwa njalo nokubonisana phakathi kwamazwe amabili, okuvumela ukulungiswa ngokusabela ezimweni ezishintshayo noma izinqumo zomthetho. Naphezu kwale mithethonqubo enemininingwane, i-STCA ibhekane nokugxekwa nokuhlolwa kwezomthetho, ikakhulukazi mayelana nokuphathwa kwabantu abafuna indawo yokukhosela kanye nokwanela kohlelo lwe-asylum yase-United States.
I-Safe Third Country Agreement ibe nomthelela omkhulu ekuthutheleleni e-Canada, ikakhulukazi mayelana nokugeleza kwabantu abafuna indawo yokukhosela. Ngokuqoka i-United States njengezwe lesithathu eliphephile, i-STCA inciphise ngempumelelo inani lezimangalo zababaleki ezicutshungulwa emngceleni waseCanada. Lokhu kuvumele i-Canada ukuthi yabe izinsiza ngendlela ephumelela kakhudlwana ngaphakathi kwesistimu yayo yokuthuthela kwelinye izwe, igxile ezimangalweni ezingaphandle kobubanzi besivumelwano. Kodwa-ke, kuphinde kwaholela ekubhekisisweni okwengeziwe kwezimo abafuna ukukhoseliswa ababhekene nazo ababuyiselwe e-United States kanye nokulunga okuphelele kwenqubo yokukhoseliswa.
Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi i-STCA ingase ibeke umkhawulo ekufinyeleleni ekuvikeleni abantu abanezicelo ezisemthethweni, njengoba icabangela ukuphepha nokwanela kohlelo lokukhoseliswa kwe-US, olubhekane nezinselele kanye nokugxekwa kwalo. Lokhu kuye kwabangela izinselele zomthetho futhi kudinga izinguquko, nabaphikisi baphakamisa ukuthi isivumelwano singase sephule izibopho zamazwe ngamazwe zaseCanada ngaphansi kweSivumelwano Sababaleki. Umthelela we-STCA ekufudukeleni kwabantu e-Canada uyaqhubeka nokuba yinkinga ephikisanayo, ebonisa izimpikiswano ezibanzi mayelana nebhalansi phakathi kwezokuphepha, izibopho zobuntu, nokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe ekuvikelweni kwababaleki.
Isivumelwano Sezwe Lesithathu Elivikelekile sihlala siyingxenye ebalulekile kodwa ephikisanayo yenqubomgomo yase-Canada yokuthuthela kwelinye izwe. Igqamisa ubunkimbinkimbi bokulinganisa izintshisekelo zokuphepha kuzwelonke nokuzibophezela ekuvikelweni kwababaleki. Njengoba izinkulumo-mpikiswano ziqhubeka ngokusebenza kwayo nokungenzeleli, i-STCA isebenza njengendawo okugxilwe kuyo yezingxoxo zokuthi i-Canada ne-United States zingaphatha kanjani ngokubambisana izicelo zokukhoseliswa kuyilapho ziphakamisa izibopho zazo zamazwe ngamazwe. Ukuqonda inkimbinkimbi yalesi sivumelwano kubalulekile ukuze ubambe iqhaza laso ekulolongeni isimo sokufudukela eCanada kanye nemithelela yayo ngekusasa lokuvikelwa kwababaleki eNyakatho Melika.
I-STCA iyisivumelwano phakathi kweCanada ne-United States esenzelwe ukuphatha ukugeleza kwabantu abafuna indawo yokukhosela emngceleni womhlaba ohlanganyelwe ngokubaphoqa ukuba benze isicelo sokuba ababaleki ezweni lokuqala abangena kulo.
Isivumelwano saqala ukusebenza ngomhlaka-29 Disemba 2004.
Inhloso eyinhloko ukwenza lula izicelo zokukhosela emngceleni womhlaba weCanada-US nokuvimbela ukuthenga indawo yokukhosela.
Cha, i-STCA isebenza kuphela ezicelweni zokukhosela ezenziwa ezindaweni ezisemthethweni zomngcele phakathi kweCanada ne-United States.
Okuhlukile kufaka phakathi ukuhlanganiswa kabusha kwemindeni, izingane ezincane ezingenamuntu ohamba nazo, kanye nabantu abane-visa esemthethweni evela ezweni lesibili.
Abagxeki bathi kungase kunciphise ukufinyelela ekuvikelweni kwabafuna indawo yokukhosela futhi kwephule izibopho zaseCanada ngaphansi kweSivumelwano Sababaleki.
Yasungulwa ngemuva kokuhlasela kwamaphekula kwangoSepthemba 11, 2001 ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuphepha kwemingcele nokuphatha ukufuduka kwabantu.
Abafuna indawo yokukhosela abangena eCanada bevela e-US ngokuvamile abafaneleki ukufaka isicelo sokuba ababaleki ngaphansi kwe-STCA, ngaphandle kwezinye izimo.
Cha, isivumelwano asisebenzi kubantu abafuna indawo yokukhosela abangena ngemingcele engekho emthethweni.
I-STCA ithonywa yizibopho ngaphansi kweSivumelwano Sababaleki kanye nemithetho yamalungelo abantu yamazwe ngamazwe.
Ulwazi olunikezwe lungolwezinjongo zolwazi nezemfundo kuphela futhi lungase lungabi olunembile. Lolu lwazi aluthathi indawo yokuthola iseluleko sezomthetho kummeli oqeqeshiwe nosebenzayo. Uma ubhekene nenkinga yezomthetho, kufanele wenze i-aphoyintimenti bese uthintana nomunye wabameli bethu abanelayisensi nabasebenzayo.
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Ufuna ukuguqula ukwenqatshwa kwecala lokungavunyelwa kwezokuphepha laseCanada ngaphansi kweSigaba 34? Uyaqonda ukuthi isimemezelo esisemthethweni se-Ministerial Relief ngaphansi kweSigaba 42.1 noma i-Federal Court Judicial Review singayixazulula kanjani indaba yakho.
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