Amacala Okuhlasela Kwasekhaya e-BC: Ingabe Isisulu Esisolwayo Singakwazi Ukuhoxisa Icala?

EBritish Columbia, isisulu esisolwayo asikwazi ukuhoxisa amacala okuhlasela kwasekhaya noma ukuvala ifayela lobugebengu ngokuzimela. Uma amaphoyisa ebika isigameko futhi ummeli weNkantolo evuma icala, ukulawulwa kokushushisa kudluliselwa ngokuphelele kuhulumeni. Nakuba isisulu esisolwayo singazisa ummeli weNkantolo noma amaphoyisa ukuthi abasafuni ukubambisana noma ukubona udaba luqhubeka, lokho kukhetha kusebenza njengesici esisodwa kuphela umshushisi okufanele asicabangele. Isinqumo sokugcina sokuqhubeka, ukuhlala, noma ukuhoxa Amacala okuhlasela asekhaya e-BC kulele kuphela kuHulumeni kanye nezinkantolo.

At Ukulinganisa kwenkampani Pax Law Corporation, amakhasimende avame ukufika enenkolelo eyiphutha yokuthi izingxabano zasekhaya zisebenza njengezimangalo zomphakathi zangasese lapho amaqembu angaxazulula futhi ahoxise izikhalazo ngokuthanda kwawo. Izinsolo zobugebengu zisebenza ngaphansi kwezindlela zomthetho ezihlukene ngokuphelele ezenzelwe ukuvikela ukuphepha komphakathi kanye nokuphathwa kobulungiswa.

Ukubuka Konke: Izicelo Zomkhalazi vs. Igunya Lombuso

Umehluko phakathi kwesikhundla somuntu osolwayo kanye negunya elisemthethweni elilawula izinqubo zobugebengu ngokuvamile kubangela ukungaqondani okukhulu kwenqubo. Ithebula elingezansi lichaza ukuthi lezi zindima zihluka kanjani ngaphansi komthetho wesifundazwe nowesifundazwe:

Ubani Olawula Ukushushiswa e-BC?

Igatsha Lobulungiswa Bobugebengu laseBritish Columbia linomthwalo wemfanelo osemthethweni wokugunyazwa kanye nokuqhutshwa kwazo zonke izinsolo zobugebengu egameni leKhomishini, ngokwesigaba 2(a) soMthethosisekelo. Umthetho Wezokweluleka KwesigodloNgaphansi kwezigaba 4(2) kanye no-4(3) zalowo mthetho ofanayo, ummeli ngamunye weNkantolo unegunya elithile lokubukeza ulwazi lokuqala, anqume ukuthi icala elifanele kufanele livunyelwe yini, futhi aqhube lelo cala ngohlelo lwenkantolo.

Ngenxa yalokho, uhlaka lwenqubo lusebenza ngokuqinile ngaphansi kokubona koMkhandlu:

• Umangalelwa akanakukwazi ukushayela ucingo umnyango wamaphoyisa, irejista yenkantolo, noma ihhovisi labameli boMkhandlu ukuze akhansele ifayela elisebenzayo ngaphandle koyedwa.
• Ummangali angazisa ummeli woMbuso ukuthi akahlose ukubambisana noma akafuni amacala aqhutshwe.
• Abameli bombuso kumele bacabangele lo mbono, kodwa ababophekile ngokomthetho ukuwulandela.
• Ummeli wenkantolo angaqhubeka nokushushisa ngokumelene nezifiso zommangali uma kukhona intshisekelo yomphakathi enkulu kanye nobufakazi obanele.
• Ummeli wenkantolo unamandla aphelele okuqondisa ukumiswa kwenqubo noma ukuhoxisa ulwazi uma kungasekho ithuba elifanele lokulahlwa yicala noma uma izintshisekelo zomphakathi zingasadingi ukushushiswa.

Ukuzimela ngokomthetho kwabashushisi kuvikelwe ngaphansi kwesigaba 12(2)(a)–(f) soMthethosisekelo Umthetho Wezisulu Zobugebengu, okuvikela ngokusobala izinqumo eziphathelene nokuvunywa, ukungavunywa, ukubambezeleka, noma ukumiswa kokushushiswa ekubuyekezweni yi-Ombudsperson yesifundazwe.

Izitatimende Zokuhoxa Nobufakazi Obuzimele

Uma umuntu osolwayo etshela iziphathimandla ukuthi “akukho okwenzekile,” “kwakuyingozi,” noma “Angifuni ukufakaza,” umshushisi akawenzi ngokuzenzekelayo. Ummeli weNkantolo ubheka ukuhoxa njengesici esisodwa sobufakazi ngaphakathi kohlaka olukhulu. Ngisho noma ummangali enqaba ukubambisana endaweni yofakazi, abashushisi beNkantolo bazobuyekeza eminye imithombo yobufakazi, okuhlanganisa:

• Ukuqoshwa kwezingcingo zokuqala ezingu-911;
• Amanothi kanye nemibiko yophenyo lwesikhulu esiphendulayo esiyinhloko;
• Ubufakazi bezithombe obuchaza ukulimala ngokomzimba noma ukubhujiswa kwempahla;
• Izitatimende zofakazi beqembu lesithathu ezivela komakhelwane, ababukele, noma abezimo eziphuthumayo ababekhona;
• Imiyalezo yombhalo, ama-imeyili, ividiyo yedijithali, noma okunye ukuqoshwa komsindo okusemthethweni;
• Izitatimende ezisemthethweni zangaphambilini ezinikezwe abaphenyi bamaphoyisa;
• Amarekhodi esibhedlela sezokwelapha kanye nemibhalo yezokwelapha;
• Ukuvuma ngokuzithandela noma ukuvuma okwenziwa ngumuntu osolwayo.

Kodwa-ke, ukuba khona kwesitatimende sangaphambilini akuniki umshushisi ilungelo elingenamingcele lokufaka leso sitatimende sibe ubufakazi ngaphandle kokubiza ufakazi. Ukwamukelwa kuncike ekwakhiweni kwengxoxo, ukuthobela imithetho, imithetho ezungeze inzwabethi, amalungelo omthethosisekelo okuphenywa, kanye nezinqumo zokwahlulela.

I-federal Ikhodi Yobugebengu ihlinzeka ngezindlela ezicacile nezilinganiselwe lapho ukuqoshwa kwevidiyo kwangaphambilini kungavunyelwa khona. Ngaphansi kweSigaba 715.1(1), ukuqoshwa kwevidiyo kofakazi owayengaphansi kweminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili ngesikhathi secala kungasetshenziswa njengobufakazi uma ufakazi eqinisekisa iqiniso lalo ngenkathi efakaza. Ngokufanayo, iSigaba 715.2(1) sisungula indlela yobufakazi kofakazi ababhekene nokukhubazeka okukhulu ngokomzimba noma ngokwengqondo. Lezi zinhlinzeko ezingavamile azisho ukuthi izitatimende zamaphoyisa ezivamile ezivela kubantu abadala abakhonondayo zifakwa ngaphandle kobufakazi obujwayelekile bomlomo ngaphansi kwesifungo.

Amasamanisi kanye nokuya eNkantolo okuphoqelelwe

Kukhona umehluko obalulekile phakathi kokuveza isifiso sokungafaki ubufakazi ngaphambi kwecala kanye nokungawunaki umyalo osemthethweni okhishwe uhlelo lwezobulungiswa. Uma ummangali enikezwa ngokusemthethweni i-subpoena, ukuba khona kuyashintsha kusuka esenzweni sokuzithandela kuya emsebenzini osemthethweni ophoqelelwe.

Isigaba 700(2) soMthethosisekelo Ikhodi Yobugebengu usungula indinganiso esemthethweni yanoma yimuphi ufakazi obizelwe enkantolo:

"Umuntu onikezwe i-subpoena ekhishwe ngaphansi kwale Ngxenye uzokuba khona futhi ahlale ekhona phakathi nenqubo ngaphandle kokuthi akhululwe yijaji eliphethe, ubulungiswa noma ijaji lenkantolo yesifundazwe."

Uma umuntu onikezwe i-subpoena evumelekile ehluleka ukuvela endaweni eqokiwe yenkantolo, noma ephuma enkantolo ngaphambi kokuba akhululwe ngokusemthethweni, ijaji eliphethe linamandla asemthethweni ngaphansi kweSigaba 705(1) soMthethosisekelo. Ikhodi Yobugebengu ukukhipha iwaranti yokuboshwa kwabo, uma nje inkonzo yenziwe ngendlela efanele futhi umuntu ephethe ubufakazi obuphathekayo.

Ukubophezeleka Komlingani Ezindabeni Zobugebengu

Umbono ongalungile ovamile ozungezile Amacala okuhlasela asekhaya e-BC ukuthi isimo somshado sinikeza ukuvikeleka okuzenzakalelayo ekufakazeni. Ngaphansi komthetho waseCanada, umshado awuvumeli umuntu ukuba agweme ukufakaza uma ebizwa yiKhomishini.

Isigaba 4(2) soMthethosisekelo Umthetho Wobufakazi WaseCanada iqinisekisa ukuthi:

"Akekho umuntu ongakwazi, noma ongaphoqelekile, ukufakaza ngomshushisi ngesizathu sokuthi ushade nomsolwa."

Ngenxa yalokho, umlingani oshadile ngokusemthethweni akakwazi ngokusemthethweni futhi akavikelekile ekuphoqelelweni ukunikeza ubufakazi ngokumelene nomlingani wakhe. Umthetho unikeza isivikelo esincane ngaphansi kweSigaba 4(3) soMthethosisekelo. Umthetho Wobufakazi WaseCanada mayelana nokuxhumana okuyimfihlo komshado:

"Akekho umyeni ophoqelekile ukudalula noma yikuphi ukuxhumana okwenziwe kuye ngumkakhe ngesikhathi somshado wabo, futhi akekho umfazi ophoqelekile ukudalula noma yikuphi ukuxhumana okwenziwe kuye ngumyeni wakhe ngesikhathi somshado wabo."

Leli lungelo lokuxhumana lihlala livinjelwe kuphela engxoxweni yangasese phakathi kwabalingani; alinikezi ilungelo lomhlaba wonke lokuthula mayelana nezenzo ezibonwe, ubudlova obungokomzimba, noma izehlakalo eziwukuhlaselwa okusolwayo. Njengoba kuqinisekiswe yiNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala yaseBrithani Columbia ku R v Siniscalchi, 2010 BCCA 354 (ezigabeni 31–32), lesi sigaba sisebenza njengelungelo lobufakazi maqondana nokuxhumana okuthile kunokwenza lokho kuxhumana kungamukeleki ngokwemvelo ngaphansi kwazo zonke izimfundiso zobufakazi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, esinqumweni esibalulekile R v Salituro, [1991] 3 SCR 654, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseCanada yaqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhoxiswa komshado ngokomthetho ovamile akukwazi ukusebenza emibhangqwaneni ehlukene ngokungenakubuyisana. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu ushadile ngokomthetho, uhlala endaweni enabantu abavamile, uhlukene ngokomthetho, noma uhlukanisile kudinga ukuhlukaniswa ngokomthetho okuhlukile lapho kuhlolwa ukuphoqelelwa komshado.

Intshisekelo Yomphakathi: Kungani Amacala Okuhlasela Edlula Izingxabano Zangasese

Ukushushiswa kobugebengu akusebenzi njengethuluzi lokuphatha ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu noma ukuxazulula izikhalazo zomphakathi. INkantolo Yesifundazwe saseBritish Columbia iphinde yagcizelela lo mqondo oyisisekelo ku R. v. Lucas John TURCOTT, 2008 BCPC 386 (kusigaba 29, ecaphuna U-R. v. MP):

"Lokho kuthanda umphakathi kuncike ekutheni kukhona yini isimangalo sombango noma ukuthi umuntu ohlukunyezwayo ufisa yini ukuthi ukushushiswa kobugebengu kuqhubeke."

Ekuhloleni amacala anjengokuhlasela okubangela ukulimala emzimbeni, inkantolo yagcizelela ku- I-Turcott (ku-para. 42) ukuthi lolu daba luphathelene nezenzo zobudlova ezingathi sína kunokungavumelani kwangasese noma izindaba zezentengiselwano. Ukuphepha komphakathi kudinga ukuthi izinsolo zobudlova ziphathwe ngendlela efanayo ngokushushiswa kombuso kunokuba kube yizingxoxo zomuntu ngamunye.

Uhlaka Lokuhlasela Olusemthethweni Ngaphansi Kwekhodi Yobugebengu

Kuye ngobufakazi obuqoqwe ngesikhathi sophenyo, amafayela okuhlaselwa kwasekhaya ngokuvamile aqhubeka ngaphansi kwesinye sezinhlinzeko ezintathu eziyinhloko zombuso Ikhodi Yobugebengu:

• Isigaba 266 (Ukuhlasela Okulula): Ibusa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngaphandle kwemvumelwano. Iqhubeka njengecala elibekwe icala eliphethe isigwebo esiphezulu seminyaka emihlanu ejele noma njengecala elifushane lokulahlwa yicala.
• Isigaba 267 (Ukuhlasela Ngesikhali Noma Ukulimaza Umzimba): Kuhlanganisa izimo lapho kusetshenziswa noma kusongelwa khona isikhali, lapho isisulu silimala khona emzimbeni, noma lapho isenzo sihilela ukuklinywa, ukuminyana, noma ukuklinywa.
• Isigaba 268 (Ukuhlaselwa Okubi): Ibhekana nobudlova obukhulu obuhilela ukulimaza, ukulimaza, ukulimaza, noma ukubeka impilo yommangali engozini.

Ukuqiniswa Okuqinile Kwebheyili kanye Nemibandela Yokungathintani

Uma umuntu osolwayo ekhululwa ngesibopho noma ngebheyili equkethe izimo zokuzivikela—njengomyalelo wokugwema ukuxhumana nommangali, ukuhlala kude nekhaya lomndeni, noma ukugwema indawo yokusebenza eqokiwe—lezo zimo zihlala zisebenza kuze kube yilapho zishintshwa yisikhulu sezomthetho.

Ummangali akanalo igunya elisemthethweni lokuhoxisa lezi zimo. Isimemo sommangali sokuvakashela ikhaya, ukuxhumana ngomyalezo wombhalo, noma ukubuyisana asimisi umyalelo wenkantolo osebenzayo. Uma ummangalelwa evuma ukuxhumana ngaphandle kokuguqulwa okusemthethweni kwenkantolo, ubhekene nokuboshwa ngokushesha kanye namacala engeziwe obugebengu ngokwehluleka ukuthobela imiyalelo yokukhululwa.

Amalungelo Asemthethweni Abakhalazi e-BC

Nakuba abamangali bengaqondisi ukushushiswa, umthetho waseBritish Columbia uqinisekisa ukuthi izisulu ziphathwa ngendlela efanele futhi enolwazi kuyo yonke inqubo yezomthetho. Ngaphansi kweSigaba 2 soMthethosisekelo Umthetho Wezisulu Zobugebengu, abasebenzi bezinhlelo zobulungiswa bayadingeka ngokomthetho ukuphatha izisulu zobugebengu ngenhlonipho nangenhlonipho.

Ngaphansi kweSigaba 6(1)–(2) salowo Mthetho ofanayo, umuntu osolwayo unelungelo elisemthethweni lokucela ulwazi mayelana nalokhu:

• Inqubekela phambili kanye nesimo sophenyo lwamaphoyisa;
• Uhlobo olunembile lwamacala avunyiwe ngokumelene nomsolwa;
• Isizathu esingokomthetho ngemuva kwezinqumo eziyinhloko ezihilela ukushushiswa;
• Ukuhlela, izibuyekezo, kanye nemiphumela esemthethweni yezinsuku ezibalulekile zenkantolo;
• Isimo sokuhlala ejele noma ukukhululwa okunemibandela komuntu osolwayo;
• Amakhophi aqondile azo zonke iziyalezo zebheyili ezivikelayo noma izimo zokuvinjelwa ezimiselwe ukuphepha kwazo.

Lezi ziqinisekiso zomthetho zingamalungelo olwazi aklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukucaca kwesisulu; azimniki ummangali amandla okuphatha okuvinjelwa kwezinqumo zoMbuso.

Ukuzulazula Ezinsolweni Zokuhlaselwa Kwasekhaya

Abantu abathintwa yizinqubo zokuhlaselwa kwasekhaya kumele basebenzisane ngokucophelela neziphathimandla zesistimu. Uma ummangali efisa ngempela ukuthi amacala angaqhubeki, inkambo yakhe efanele ukuxhumana ngqo nommeli weNkantolo noma abasebenzi be-Victim Services abaqokiwe. Uma lesi simo sivela ekwesabeni, izinsongo, ukuncika kwezomnotho, ukucabangela ukugcinwa kwengane, noma ukucindezeleka kwangaphandle, ukunikeza umongo ocacile kuvumela abashushisi ukuthi bahlole izidingo zokuvikela ngokunembile.

Uma kunikezwa i-subpoena, ufakazi akanakuyishaya indiva. Abantu abafake i-subpoena kufanele bafune ukucaciswa okuzimele kwezomthetho noma bakhulume nommeli woMbuso ngaphambi kosuku lwenkantolo. I-Pax Law Corporation isiza abantu ukuthi babhekane namacala obugebengu ayinkimbinkimbi kanye nezinqubo zomthetho eBritish Columbia.