Umthetho woSapho nowoQhawulo-mtshato
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UKUFUNDA KWEMIZUZU EM-6
Uqhawulo-mtshato olungelulo olokwenyani eKhanada ibhekisa ekwahlukaneni ngokusemthethweni okanye uqhawulo-mtshato lwamaqabane aneminyaka engama-50 ubudala nangaphezulu, okuqhele ukwenzeka emva komtshato wexesha elide ohlala iminyaka engama-20, engama-30, nangaphezulu. Nangona izizathu ezisemthethweni zokuphelisa umtshato zihlala zifana phantsi komthetho waseKhanada kungakhathaliseki ubudala, uqhawulo-mtshato olungelulo oluqhelekileyo lubandakanya imingeni enzima yezomthetho neyezemali, kubandakanya ukwahlulwa kwezicwangciso zomhlalaphantsi eziqokelelweyo, ukulingana kwepropathi yexesha elide, inkxaso yeqabane engapheliyo, kunye neengcamango zocwangciso lomhlalaphantsi.
At Pax Law Corporation, ukubonisana negqwetha elinamava oqhawulo-mtshato eKhanada kunceda abathengi ukuba baqonde iinyaniso zomthetho zokuqhawuka komtshato kwabantu abadala ukuqinisekisa iziphumo zemali ezifanelekileyo kunye nokhuseleko lwexesha elide.
Nangona izibini eziselula ezahlukanayo zihlala zigxila ekugcinweni komntwana kunye noxanduva lokwenza izigqibo, amaqabane amadala ajongene neemeko ezahlukeneyo zentlalo nezoqoqosho kunye nezomthetho:
| Ukuqwalaselwa Kwezomthetho Nezemali | Uqhawulo-mtshato oluqhelekileyo (Ngaphantsi kweminyaka engama-50) | Uqhawulo-mtshato oluMhlophe (50+) |
|---|---|---|
| Ugqaliselo Olungundoqo | Izicwangciso zokukhulisa abantwana, ukukhula komsebenzi, inkxaso yexesha elifutshane. | Uvavanyo lwemali yomhlalaphantsi, ukwahlulwa kwempahla, ukhuseleko lomhlalaphantsi. |
| Ubude beNkxaso yoMtshato | Idla ngokuba lixesha elilinganiselweyo okanye eliguqukayo. | Ihlala ingenasiphelo ngokusekelwe kukuxhomekeka kwexesha elide. |
| Ukwazi ukufumana amandla | Amathuba aphezulu okubuyela emsebenzini kunye nokwaneliseka. | Ixesha okanye ithuba elincinci lokuphinda wakhe imali yomhlalaphantsi. |
| Izicwangciso zePension kunye neNgeniso | Ukuqokelelana kwasekuqaleni. | Iipenshini ezivuthiweyo, ii-RRSP, ii-LIRA, kunye nee-LIF ezifuna ukwahlulwahlulwa ngokuchanekileyo. |
Kwimisebenzi yezomthetho yaseKhanada, ukufumana umyalelo wokuqhawula umtshato kulawulwa ngurhulumente UMthetho woQhawulo-mtshato (RSC, 1985, c. 3 (2nd Supp.))Isizathu soqhawulo-mtshato kuphela kukuqhekeka komtshato, okumiselwe phantsi kwecandelo 8(2) ikakhulu ngamaqabane ahlala ngokwahlukeneyo nangahlukaniyo ubuncinane unyaka omnye:
"Inkundla enegunya elifanelekileyo, xa kufakwe isicelo ngomnye wamaqabane okanye omabini, ingavumela uqhawulo-mtshato kwiqabane okanye amaqabane ngesizathu sokuba kubekho ukuqhawuka komtshato wabo."
Nangona umthetho karhulumente uvumela uqhawulo-mtshato kwaye uyalela imigaqo yenkxaso yomtshato, ukwahlulwa kwepropathi kunye neepenshini kuwela phantsi kolawulo lwephondo.
E-Ontario, ulwahlulo lwepropathi lulawulwa yi- UMthetho woMthetho woSapho, i-RSO ka-1990, c. F.3Icandelo 5(1) limisela imfuneko yokulingana kweNet Family Property (NFP):
"Xa uqhawulo-mtshato luvunyiwe okanye umtshato ubhengezwa njengongasasebenziyo, okanye xa amaqabane ahlukene kwaye kungekho themba lokuba aphinde ahlale kunye, iqabane elinempahla yosapho engaphantsi kwempahla yosapho ezimbini linelungelo lokufumana umahluko wesiqingatha phakathi kwabo."
Injongo ecacileyo yomthetho phantsi kwecandelo 5(7) kukuqonda ubudlelwane bomtshato njengomnikelo olinganayo wokhathalelo lwabantwana, ulawulo lwasekhaya, kunye nobonelelo lwezemali. Amalungelo omhlalaphantsi aqokelelwe ngexesha lomtshato ayinxalenye ephambili yokubalwa kwe-NFP phantsi kweCandelo 4 kunye neCandelo 10.1, okuvumela ukudluliselwa kwemali ngokuthe ngqo kwizicwangciso zomhlalaphantsi ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neembopheleleko zomthetho wosapho.
EBritish Columbia, i UMthetho woMthetho woSapho, i-SBC ka-2011, malunga ne-25 ulawula ukwahlulwa kwepropathi kunye namatyala. Phantsi kwecandelo 81, amaqabane anelungelo lokufumana isiqingatha senzala engahlulwanga kuyo yonke impahla yosapho, kuquka iipenshini, ii-annuities, kunye nezicwangciso zokonga umhlalaphantsi (ii-RRSP, ii-LIRA, kunye nee-LIF).
Phantsi kwecandelo 95, iinkundla zingayalela ukwahlulwa kwepropathi ngokungalinganiyo kuphela ukuba ukwahlulwa ngokulinganayo kuya "akulunganga kakhulu." Umda wokumisela ukungabikho kobulungisa okukhulu uphezulu. Umzekelo, kwi UDietz v DietzNgo-2024 BCSC 1750, inkundla yahlulahlula ipenshini ye-Air Canada kunye neekhredithi ze-CPP ngokulinganayo emva komtshato weminyaka engama-40, kodwa yayalela ukuba kwahlulwe ngokungalinganiyo ii-RRSP kuba elinye iqabane laliye laphelisa utyalo-mali lwalo emva kokwahlukana ngelixa elinye ligcina elalo.
Ukumisela inkxaso yomtshato kwimitshato emide kuxhomekeke kwiinjongo ezisemthethweni phantsi kwecandelo 15.2(4) kunye (6) loMthetho woQhawulo-mtshato, ukulinganisela ubude bokuhlala ndawonye, iingenelo zoqoqosho okanye iingxaki ezivela emtshatweni, kunye nokuzimela ngokwezoqoqosho.
INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseKhanada yaseka iziseko zenkxaso kwizigqibo ezibini ezibalulekileyo:
Izigqibo zezibheno zihlala zixhasa inkxaso yexesha elide okanye engapheliyo emva komtshato wexesha elide. UParton v. Parton, 2018 BCCA 273, inkundla yaphawula ukuba amaqabane ahlukanayo emva komtshato weminyaka engama-33 akufuneki ajongane nomhlalaphantsi enezikhundla zemali ezahluke kakhulu. Ngokufanayo, kwi Eldridge v. Eldridge, 2024 BCCA 21, inkundla iqinisekisile ukuba iimbopheleleko zenkxaso azinakupheliswa ngaphambi kwexesha ngokusekelwe kwimihla yomhlalaphantsi yexesha elizayo eqikelelweyo ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke umhlalaphantsi wokwenyani.
Phantsi kweZikhokelo zeNgcebiso zeNkxaso yoMtshato (SSAG), "Umthetho wama-65" isebenza xa ubudala bomntu oza kutshata naye xa behlukene kunye neminyaka yokuhlala kunye ilingana okanye idlula ama-65. Xa lo mthetho ufezekisiwe, udala ingcinga esemthethweni yokuba inkxaso yomtshato kufuneka inikwe ixesha elingachazwanga.
Njengoko kubonisiwe kwi ULudwig v. Ludwig, 2026 BCSC 418, uMthetho wama-65 ujongana nenyani yamaqabane amadala ahlala exhomekeke ngokwezoqoqosho ngexesha lomtshato kwaye ajongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo yokufikelela ekwanelisekeni kamva ebomini.
Ingxaki ephambili kwiGray Divorce eCanada kukuthintela "ukuntywiliselwa kabini" - apho umhlalaphantsi uqala ukwenziwa imali kwaye wahlulwe njengempahla yosapho, uze emva koko uphathwe njengengeniso yokubala inkxaso-mali yomtshato.
In IBoston v. Boston, 2001 SCC 43, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseKhanada yagqiba kwelokuba nangona ukubuyiselwa kwemali kabini kufuneka kuphetshwe ngokubanzi, kuvumelekile apho ubunzima bezoqoqosho buqhubeka khona, umhlawuli unako ukuhlawula, kwaye umntu ohlawulwayo wenza imizamo efanelekileyo yokufumana ingeniso kwisabelo sakhe esilinganayo. INkundla yeziBheno yaseBC iphinde yaqinisekisa lo mgaqo kwi URaschpichler v. URaschpichler, 2024 BCCA 94, exhasa iintlawulo zenkxaso apho imali yomhlalaphantsi yahlulwe kancinci okanye apho iinjongo zenkxaso eziqhubekayo zihlala ziphambili.
Imigaqo esemthethweni yomthetho wephondo (njengokulingana e-Ontario okanye icandelo le-50/50 e-BC) isebenza ngokulinganayo kubo bonke ubudala. Nangona kunjalo, ukwahlulwa kwepropathi yoqhawulo-mtshato olungelulo oluqhelekileyo kubandakanya ukulinganiswa okuntsonkothileyo kweeasethi eziqokelelwe ixesha elide, iipenshini, kunye nokonga umhlalaphantsi.
Ewe. Izibonelelo zomhlalaphantsi ezifunyenwe ngexesha lomtshato zihlelwa njengepropathi yosapho phantsi kwemithetho yephondo (njenge-BC's Family Law Act kunye ne-Ontario's Family Law Act) kwaye ziphantsi kovavanyo kunye nokwahlulwa okanye ukudluliselwa kwesixa-mali.
Iqabane elihlawulayo alinakuyeka ukuhlawula inkxaso yeqabane lalo xa lifikelela kwiminyaka eqhelekileyo yomhlalaphantsi. Njengoko kuqinisekisiwe kwi-Eldridge v. Eldridge, izibophelelo zenkxaso zihlala ziqhubeka de kube umhlalaphantsi wokwenyani uyenzeka, apho isicelo sotshintsho olusemthethweni sinokufuneka ngokusekelwe kwiimeko zemali ezitshintshileyo.
UMthetho wama-65 sisikhokelo phantsi kwe-SSAG esiqaliswa xa ubudala bomlingane ofumanayo kunye nobude bomtshato bulingana nama-65 okanye ngaphezulu (kunye nemfuneko yobuncinci bexesha lomtshato leminyaka emi-5). Oku kudala uqikelelo lwenkxaso yomtshato engaphelelwa lixesha.
Ulwazi olunikiweyo lulungiselelwe ulwazi nemfundo kuphela kwaye lusenokungachaneki. Olu lwazi aluthathi indawo yokufumana ingcebiso yezomthetho kwigqwetha eliqeqeshiweyo nelisebenzayo. Ukuba ujongene nengxaki yezomthetho, kuya kufuneka wenze idinga kwaye udibane nomnye wamagqwetha ethu anelayisenisi nasebenza.
Ukubhala isiqendu kwisivumelwano sakho sangaphambi komtshato sokurhoxisa ngokupheleleyo inkxaso-mali yomntwana yenye yezona mpazamo zinobungozi kakhulu kumthetho wosapho waseKhanada. Funda ukuba kutheni iinkundla zihlala zibeka ecaleni la malungiselelo kunye nendlela yokubhala isiqendu esimelana nokuhlolwa.
Yintoni ebekwa phambili yinkundla yosapho yaseKhanada ngexesha leengxabano zokugcinwa komntwana? Fumanisa izinto ezisemthethweni kunye novavanyo olusemthethweni olulawula amalungiselelo okukhulisa umntwana, ukufuduka, kunye nokhuseleko.
Ngaba umfazi ufumana ngokuzenzekelayo isiqingatha sayo yonke impahla kuqhawulo-mtshato lwaseKhanada? Nantsi indlela imithetho karhulumente, iinkqubo zepropathi zephondo, kunye nemithetho yeNkundla ePhakamileyo elawula ngayo inkxaso-mali yomtshato, imali yomhlalaphantsi, kunye namatyala osapho.
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