WoLwaphulo mthetho
Ixesha lokufunda
UKUFUNDA KWEMIZUZU EM-3
Ukuthenga iinkonzo zesondo, okanye ukunxibelelana ngenjongo yokwenza oko, kuthwala imilinganiselo ebalulekileyo yomthetho eKhanada phantsi kweKhowudi yoLwaphulo-mthetho. Ummiselo ophambili olawula oku licandelo 286.1.
ICandelo lama-286.1(1) leKhowudi yoLwaphulo-mthetho likwenza kube lityala ukufumana, okanye ukunxibelelana ukuze ufumane, iinkonzo zesondo zomntu ukuze ziqwalaselwe:
286.1 (1) Wonke umntu, kuyo nayiphi na indawo, afumane ukuba kuqwalaselwe, okanye anxibelelane naye nabani na ngenjongo yokufunyaniswa, iinkonzo zesondo zomntu unetyala (a) lolwaphulo-mthetho olubonakalayo kwaye unoxanduva lokuvalelwa entolongweni ixesha elingadlulanga kwiminyaka emihlanu kunye nesona sohlwayo sincinane, (i) kwimeko apho ulwaphulo-mthetho lwenziwe kuyo nayiphi na indawo kwindawo kawonke-wonke okanye kwindawo kawonke-wonke okanye kwindawo kawonke-wonke. indawo yesikolo okanye yeziko lezenkolo okanye esecaleni kwayo nayiphi na enye indawo apho abantu abangaphantsi kweminyaka eli-18 banokulindeleka ngokufanelekileyo ukuba babekho, (A) kwityala lokuqala, isohlwayo se-$2,000, kunye (B) ngetyala ngalinye elilandelayo, isohlwayo se-$4,000, okanye (ii) kuyo nayiphi na enye imeko, (A) ngesohlwayo sesohlwayo sokuqala, i-$1,000, isohlwayo sokuqala, i-$2,000) ityala, isohlwayo see-$5,000; okanye (b) ulwaphulo-mthetho olunohlwaywa xa ufunyaniswa enetyala kwaye unoxanduva lokuhlawula isohlwayo esingekho ngaphezulu kwe-$1,000 okanye ukuvalelwa entolongweni ixesha elingekho ngaphezulu kweminyaka emibini ngaphantsi kosuku, okanye kuzo zombini, kunye nesohlwayo esiphantsi, (i) kwimeko ekubhekiswa kuyo kumhlathana (a)(i), (A) ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho lokuqala,2,000 yesohlwayo, isohlwayo se-$500, isohlwayo ngasinye, isohlwayo se-$1,000) I-$XNUMX, okanye (ii) kulo naliphi na elinye ityala, (A) ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho lokuqala, isohlwayo sama-XNUMX eerandi, yaye (B) ngetyala ngalinye elilandelayo, isohlwayo se-$XNUMX.
INkundla yeSibheno yaseNova Scotia kwi-R v Rouse (2020), i-NSCA, iqinisekisile ukuba eli candelo libeka ityala lokuthenga ngokwalo kunye nengcamango ebanzi "yokuthengiswa kwezenzo zesondo." Inkundla yaqaphela:
[11] Ndivumelana nokuqwalaselwa ngumcebisi Mr.Rouse ukuba s. 286.1 yenza kube lulwaphulo-mthetho ukuthengwa kweenkonzo zesondo kunye nokuthengiswa kwezenzo zesondo. Ngelixa iinyani eziphambi kwejaji yenkundla zingakhathaleli ukubonelelwa "kweenkonzo zokwabelana ngesondo" njengoko zixhaphakile kwintetho yanamhlanje - leyo ka "Johns" kunye "nabathengisi ngesondo" - ukuthengiswa kobudlelwane phakathi kukaMnu. Rouse kunye nexhoba, ngokubonelela ngeziyobisi - hayi imali - ngesondo libanjwa lelo candelo. Andiboni nto ekufundeni s. 286.1 evumela ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwiintlobo ezithile zokudibana, okanye emisela umda ukuthathelwa ingqalelo kwesivumelwano seenkonzo zesondo kuleya mali kuphela.
Oku kuthetha ukuba “uqwalaselo” olutshintshiselwa ngeenkonzo zesondo akufuneki lube yimali; inokubandakanya izinto ezifana neziyobisi okanye ezinye izibonelelo. Iinkundla ziya kujonga umxholo kunye neemeko ukugqiba ukuba unxibelelwano okanye ukuthengiselana kwakungenjongo yokufumana iinkonzo zesondo ukuze ziqwalaselwe, njengoko kubonwe kwi-R v Coburn (2020), i-NSCA, apho ibango lommangalelwa lokufuna i-massage lakhatywayo ngokusekelwe kubungqina.
[20] …Andibukholelwa ubungqina bukaMnumzana Coburn bokuba wayefuna ukuphululwa kwaye wahlawulela ukuphululwa. Ubungqina bakhe kule nto abuphakamisi amathandabuzo afanelekileyo kwaye ndiqinisekile ngaphandle kokungathandabuzeki kubo bonke ubungqina bokuba unxibelelwano lwakhe lwalunenjongo yokufumana iinkonzo zesondo ukuze ziqwalaselwe. Izizathu zam zokuthetha oku ziquka umxholo kunye neemeko, uhlobo lweentengiso kunye nomxholo wonxibelelwano...
Imilinganiselo inzima kakhulu ukuba umntu onkonzo zakhe zokwabelana ngesondo zifunwayo ungaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-18. Icandelo 286.1(2) lithi:
286.1 (2) Wonke umntu, kuyo nayiphi na indawo, afumane ukuba athathelwe ingqalelo, okanye anxibelelane naye nabani na ngenjongo yokufumana ingqwalasela, iinkonzo zesondo zomntu ongaphantsi kweminyaka eli-18 ubudala unetyala lokwaphula umthetho ocacileyo kwaye unoxanduva lokuvalelwa entolongweni ixesha elingekho ngaphezulu kwe-10 lesohlwayo kunye nesohlwayo esisezantsi sokuvalelwa iinyanga ezintandathu zokuqala (a) kwaye (b) ngetyala ngalinye elilandelayo, unyaka ube mnye.
Eli lityala elingenakuphikiswa kunye nezigwebo ezinyanzelekileyo zasentolongweni. Amatyala afana ne-R v Dare (2019), i-SCC, i-R v Ramelson (2021), i-ONCA, kunye ne-R v Haniffa (2021), i-ONCA ibonisa indlela elisebenza ngayo eli candelo, ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwimeko yophando lwamapolisa kwi-intanethi olujoliswe kubantu abafuna iinkonzo kubantwana abancinci.
Njengoko kugxininiswe kwi-R v MGS (2021), i-SKCA, ukuqwalaselwa okubandakanyekayo akufuneki kube yimali. Kuloo meko, ukunika ufikelelo kwi-Wi-Fi kwabonwa njengengqwalaselo eyaneleyo yokuwisa isigwebo phantsi kwes. 286.1(2). Ijaji yetyala yaqaphela:
[30] …Undoqo wesibalo sesi-5 kukuba kukho into enikelwe ukutshintshiselana ngeenkonzo zesondo kumntu ongaphantsi kweminyaka eli-18. Ubungqina [bomntwana omdala] bubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba kwakukho. …[Ubungqina bomntwana omdala] babucacile ukuba ngenxa yokuthobela kwakhe ngokwesondo no [Mnu. S.], wamthembisa isiqabu kuthintelo lweWi-Fi. Isithsaba senze ukubalwa kwe-5.
Ukugwetyelwa amatyala phantsi kwe-s. 286.1(2) ithathela ingqalelo ubuncinci obunyanzelekileyo, nangona ezi zijongene nemingeni yomgaqo-siseko (njengoko kuphawulwe kwi-R v Bains (2022), ABCA, ireferensi. R v Charboneau, 2019 ABQB 882). Imiba eyothusayo, efana nenqanaba lokucwangcisa okanye uhlobo oluthile lonxibelelwano, inokusichaphazela isivakalisi (Izibheyi). Injongo eyahlukileyo ye-s. 286.1(2) kukukhusela ekuthengiseni abantwana ngomzimba, ngokwahlukileyo kulwaphulo-mthetho lokurhwebesha abantwana phantsi kwe-s. 172.1 (Haniffa).
Ngamafutshane, ukuthenga okanye ukunxibelelana ukuze uthenge iinkonzo zesondo akukho mthethweni eCanada. Izohlwayo ziyohluka kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni umntu onikezela ngenkonzo ngumntu omdala okanye ngumntwana, kunye namatyala abandakanya abantwana abathwele izigwebo ezisisinyanzelo zentolongo. "Ingqwalasela" ekutshintshiswe ngayo akufuneki ibe yimali.
Nceda uqaphele ukuba ngelixa ndinofikelelo kuninzi lwamatyala asemthethweni eCanada, idatabase yam isenokungapheleli. Kusenokubakho amanye amatyala afanelekileyo okanye amasuntswana asemthethweni endingawachonganga.
Ulwazi olunikiweyo lulungiselelwe ulwazi nemfundo kuphela kwaye lusenokungachaneki. Olu lwazi aluthathi indawo yokufumana ingcebiso yezomthetho kwigqwetha eliqeqeshiweyo nelisebenzayo. Ukuba ujongene nengxaki yezomthetho, kuya kufuneka wenze idinga kwaye udibane nomnye wamagqwetha ethu anelayisenisi nasebenza.
Isityholo sokuhlaselwa ekhaya eKhanada sibangela iziphumo zomthetho ezitshintsha ubomi ngoko nangoko—ukusuka kwimiyalelo yokungadibani ngokukhawuleza kunye nokususwa endlwini ukuya kwizohlwayo eziqatha zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nezobufuduki. Funda olu hlalutyo olupheleleyo lwesakhelo somthetho, imiqathango yokukhululwa, iziphumo zetyala, kunye nemida yokufuduka phantsi komthetho waseKhanada.
Ngexesha lempikiswano, ukuma emnyango, ukutshixa ucango lwegumbi lokulala, okanye ukuthatha izitshixo zemoto kunokuvakala ngathi kukusabela okungxamisekileyo—kodwa phantsi komthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho waseKhanada, oku kunokukhokelela ekubeni uvalelwe entolongweni iminyaka eli-10. Fumanisa ukuba i-279(2) ichaza ntoni njengokuvalelwa entolongweni ngenkani kunye nendlela iinkundla ezivavanya ngayo ezi meko zibalulekileyo zasekhaya.
Ngaba uyazibuza ngemiphumo yezomthetho yokusongela ngamazwi eKhanada? Fumanisa indlela iCandelo 264.1 kunye nelama-265 ezahlula ngayo izoyikiso zokuthetha nokuhlasela, imizekelo ephambili yeNkundla ePhakamileyo, kunye nezohlwayo ezifanelekileyo.
Cwangcisa intlanganiso yokuqala nomnye wamagqwetha ethu ukuze uphonononge ityala lakho kwaye ufumane amanyathelo acacileyo alandelayo
okanye iinkcukacha zendlela yokuhlawula umrhumo wakho wokugcina imali, nceda undwendwele iphepha elingezantsi
Ifemu yomthetho yaseKhanada esebenza ngokupheleleyo eVancouver naseToronto.
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