Icandelo 266 leKhowudi yoLwaphulo-mthetho yaseKhanada: Inkcazo yoHlaselo oluSilula

Yintoni iCandelo 266 leKhowudi yoLwaphulo-mthetho yaseKhanada?

Icandelo 266 leKhowudi yoLwaphulo-mthetho yaseKhanada umisela ityala lokuhlasela okuqhelekileyo (okukwabizwa ngokuba kukuhlasela okulula okanye indlela elula yokuhlasela) kwaye imisela izohlwayo zayo ezisemthethweni. Nabani na ojongene nezityholo phantsi kweli lungiselelo kufuneka abonisane nomntu ofanelekileyo igqwetha lokhuselo lolwaphulo-mthetho eCanada kwiPax Law Corporation ukuze baqonde indlela esebenza ngayo imithetho yenkqubo. Nangona iCandelo 266 lichaza isohlwayo, inkcazo esemthethweni yohlaselo ichazwe kwiCandelo 265: ukusebenzisa amandla ngabom, ngaphandle kwemvumelwano komnye umntu, ukuzama okanye ukusongela ngamandla ngesenzo okanye isenzo, okanye ukuhlasela okanye ukuthintela umntu ngelixa exhobile ngokuphandle.

Icandelo 266 leKhowudi yoLwaphulo-mthetho lifundeka ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

"Wonke umntu owenza uhlaselo unetyala
(a) lityala elinokutyholwa kwaye lifanelwe kukugwetywa iminyaka emihlanu entolongweni; okanye
(b) ityala eliya kugwetywa ngokugwetywa okwethutyana.
- Ikhowudi yoLwaphulo-mthetho, s. 266

Ngenxa yokuba uhlaselo oluqhelekileyo lulwaphulo-mthetho oluxubeneyo, umtshutshisi weNkundla ugqiba ukuba aqhubeke na ngokumangalelwa (ephethe isohlwayo esiphezulu seminyaka emihlanu yokuvalelwa entolongweni) okanye ngokugwetywa ngokungxama (okunokuhlawuliswa ukuya kuthi ga kwiminyaka emibini ngaphantsi ngosuku, isohlwayo esifikelela kwi-$5,000, okanye zombini).

Iintlobo Ezintathu Ezisemthethweni Zokuhlaselwa Phantsi KweCandelo 265(1)

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba unetyala phantsi kweCandelo 266, umtshutshisi kufuneka angqine enye yeendlela ezintathu zohlaselo ezibhalwe phantsi komhlathi 265(1). R v Androsoff, 2023 SKCA 42 (kwisiqendu 40), iNkundla yeziBheno yaseSaskatchewan iqinisekisile ukuba ukugwetywa phantsi kwesigaba 266 "ifuna ubungqina obungenamathandabuzo obucacileyo benye yezinto ezintathu zohlaselo ezidweliswe phantsi kwesigaba 265(1)."

1. Ukusetyenziswa Ngabom Kwamandla (s. 265(1)(a))

Amandla asetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo (njengokutyhala, ukuqhwaba, ukubetha, okanye ukubamba ingalo okanye impahla) okanye ngokungathanga ngqo ahlangabezana nenkcazo esemthethweni. R v Palombi, 2007 ONCA 486 (kwisiqendu 28), iNkundla yeziBheno yase-Ontario iqinisekisile:

"Nakuphi na ukusebenzisa amandla ngabom - nokuba ngamandla amancinci - ngaphandle kwemvume yexhoba, luhlaselo ngaphandle kokuba kukho ukhuselo oluthile olusebenzayo."

Akunyanzelekanga ukuba ummangali enzekele emzimbeni okanye afune unyango ukuze kufunyaniswe ukuba uhlaselo oluqhelekileyo luyenzeka.

2. Izisongelo kunye neMizamo ngeSigqibo okanye ngeSimbo (s. 265(1)(b))

Ukuthintana ngokomzimba akufuneki phantsi komhlathi 265(1)(b). Ukuba umntu uzama okanye usongela ukusebenzisa amandla ngesenzo okanye ngesenzo, kwaye unamandla angoku (okanye ukhokelela ummangali ekubeni akholelwe ngokusengqiqweni ukuba unamandla) okukwenza oko, kwenzeka uhlaselo.

Imizekelo ibandakanya ukuphakamisa inqindi xa usondela komnye umntu, ukukhwaza imela, okanye ukukhawulezisa imoto ukuya kubahambi ngeenyawo. R v Dawydiuk, 2010 BCCA 162 (kwisiqendu 30), iNkundla yeziBheno yaseBritish Columbia yacacisa:

"Amazwi nje awayi kuba luhlaselo. Isenzo okanye isenzo siya kwanela ukuba nje iSigqeba singqina ukuba umtyholwa uzame okanye woyikisa, ngesenzo okanye isenzo, ukusebenzisa amandla komnye umntu ..."

Phantsi kwesi sigaba singezantsi, ulwaphulo-mthetho lukwisongelo okanye kumzamo ngokwalo, kungekhona ekubeni unxibelelwano lufezekisiwe na (UDawydiuk, kwisiqendu 31).

3. Ukulwa Ngethuba Uxhobile Ngokuphandle (s. 265(1)(c))

Ukuba ummangalelwa unxiba okanye uphatha isixhobo okanye isixhobo esingesiso esidlangalaleni aze athintele, ahlasele, okanye acele komnye umntu, isenzo eso siyahambelana nenkcazo yohlaselo. Eli candelo lithetha ngokuxhoba ngokubonakalayo ngelixa lithintela umntu, ngokwahlukileyo ekusebenziseni okanye ekusongeleni ukusebenzisa isixhobo phantsi kweCandelo 267(a).

Izinto Ezibalulekileyo Ekufuneka Zingqinwe YiSithsaba

Kwityala eliqhelekileyo phantsi kweCandelo 266 ngeCandelo 265(1)(a), iSigqeba kufuneka singqine nganye yezi zinto zilandelayo ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo afanelekileyo:

• Kwasetyenziswa isinyanzelo okanye uqhagamshelwano lomzimba kumntu okhalazayo;
• Amandla asetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo;
• Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla bekungabom, kungekhona ngengozi okanye ngendlela evuselela ingqondo;
• Ummangali akazange avume ukusetyenziswa kwamandla; kwaye
• Le ndlela yokuziphatha ayizange ithethelelwe kukukhuselwa okusemthethweni okwaziwayo.

Injongo Yokusebenzisa Amandla vs. Injongo Yokwenzakalisa: ISigqeba kufuneka sibonise ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngabom, kodwa akufuneki sibonise injongo yokwenzakalisa umzimba. R v Richards, 2020 ABCA 63 (kwisiqendu 12), inkundla yaphawula oku:

"Umtyholwa kufuneka asebenzise amandla ngabom; nangona kunjalo, akukho mfuneko yokuba ajonge ukwenzakalisa."

Njengoko kuqinisekisiwe kwi IPalombi (kwisiqendu 36), ulwaphulo-mthetho luphelele ekusebenziseni amandla ngabom ngaphandle kwemvumelwano. Ukuba umntu utyhala omnye umntu ngabom aze loo mntu awe aze aphuke, ukungabikho kwenjongo yokuphula ithambo akuthethi ukuba uxanduva luphantsi kweCandelo 266.

Imvume: Imida Esemthethweni kunye Neengcaciso Zomthetho Oqhelekileyo

Ukungabikho kwemvume yinxalenye ephambili yetyala lokuhlaselwa. Code Criminal of Canada ibeka imithetho ecacileyo malunga nokuba xa ukuvuma okubonakalayo kungavumelekanga ngokusemthethweni.

Ukwaphulwa kweMvume ngokoMthetho (Icandelo 265(3))

Phantsi kweCandelo 265(3), imvume ayivunywa ukuba ummangali uyavuma okanye akaniki nkxaso ngenxa yezi zinto zilandelayo:

1. Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla;
2. Izoyikiso okanye uloyiko lokusetyenziswa kwamandla;
3. Ubuqhophololo; okanye
4. Ukusetyenziswa kwegunya.

Ukuthula okanye ukungaxhathisi okubangelwa kukoyikiswa, ukunyanzelwa, okanye ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwamandla akuthethi ukuba kukho imvume esemthethweni.

Ukukholelwa Ngokunyanisekileyo Kodwa Okuphosakeleyo Kwimvume (Icandelo 265(4))

Umtyholwa angaphakamisa ukhuselo lokuba ukholelwa ngokunyanisekileyo ukuba ummangali uvumile. Phantsi kweCandelo 265(4), inkundla ivavanya ukuba kukho izizathu ezifanelekileyo zolo luvo kuzo zonke ubungqina. R v Smith, (1994) BCCA (kwisiqendu 17), iNkundla yeziBheno yaseBritish Columbia yathi:

"Ukuba umntu osebenzisa amandla ukholelwa ngokunyanisekileyo ukuba unemvume yomnye umntu, loo mntu akanatyala."

Iimfazwe Ezivunyelweneyo kunye Nemida Yomthetho Oqhelekileyo

Imvume kwiingxabano zomzimba inqunyelwe ngokomthetho. R v Jobidon, (1991) I-SCC, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseKhanada yagqiba kwelokuba imvumelwano ayinakuyirhoxisa ingxabano phakathi kwabantu abadala ngabom ebangela ukwenzakala okukhulu okanye ukwenzakala okungengomsebenzi emzimbeni ngexesha lokulwa ngamanqindi. R v Paice, 2005 SCC 22 (kwisiqendu 18), iNkundla ePhakamileyo iqinisekisile ukuba "IJobidon ifuna ukwenzakala okukhulu, kokubini okucetywayo nokubangelwe kukuba imvume iphazanyiswe."

Kwimfazwe evunyelweneyo apho ukwenzakala okukhulu kungajongwanga okanye kungabangelwanga, imvumelwano igubungela ukubethelwa okulindelweyo kwingxabano (R v Gardiner, 2018 ABCA 298, kwisiqendu 3). Nangona kunjalo, ukuziphatha okuya ngaphaya koko bekulindelwe ngokufanelekileyo kuwela ngaphandle kwaloo mvume. Ezemidlalo zokunxibelelana ezisemthethweni kunye neenkqubo zonyango azibandakanywanga kwi Jobidon isithintelo.

Ulwahlulo lokuthelekisa: Icandelo 266 vs. Iintlawulo ezigqithisileyo

Icandelo 266 lithetha ngokuhlaselwa apho kungenzeki monakalo mkhulu emzimbeni. Apho kubandakanyeke izixhobo, ukukrwitshwa, okanye ukwenzakala mkhulu emzimbeni, kusebenza amatyala aphezulu asemthethweni.

Ukuzikhusela Okusemthethweni Okuqatshelweyo: Ukuzikhusela Nokunxila

Ukuzikhusela (Icandelo 34)

Phantsi kweCandelo 34(1) leKhowudi yoLwaphulo-mthetho, isenzo asilolwaphulo-mthetho ukuba kuhlangatyezwane neendlela ezintathu:

• Umtyholwa wayekholelwa ngezizathu ezivakalayo ukuba kusetyenziswa amandla okanye kusongelwa nxamnye nabo okanye omnye umntu;
• Isenzo senziwe ngenjongo yokuzikhusela okanye yokukhusela; kwaye
• Isenzo sasifanelekile kwiimeko ezinjalo.

Phantsi kweCandelo 34(2), inkundla imisela ukuba nengqiqo ngokuqwalasela izinto eziquka uhlobo kunye nokusondelelana kwesoyikiso, nokuba ezinye iindlela bezikhona na, ubungakanani kunye nobuchule bomzimba bamaqela, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, kunye nokulingana kwempendulo. Ukuzikhusela akuthetheleli izenzo zokuziphindezela okanye ubundlobongela obuqhubekayo emva kokuba isoyikiso siphelile.

Ukunxila Okugqithisileyo (Icandelo 33.1)

Ukunxila kakhulu okuzibangela ngokwakho kulawulwa liCandelo 33.1. Kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezibandakanya ukuhlasela okanye ukuphazamisana nomzimba, ukunxila kakhulu okuzibangela ngokwakho akuniki khuselo apho ummangalelwa eshiye kakhulu umgangatho wokhathalelo olindelwe ngumntu onengqondo ngaphambi kokuba anxile.

Izohlwayo kunye neendlela zeNkqubo phantsi kweCandelo 266

Ukugwetywa phantsi kweCandelo 266 kuxhomekeke ekunyulweni kweSigqeba:

1. Indlela yoLwaphulo-mthetho enokutyholwa

• Isivakalisi esiphezulu: Ukuya kuthi ga kwiminyaka emihlanu yokuvalelwa entolongweni.
• Ububanzi bokugwetywa: Iminyaka emihlanu yimiqathango emiselweyo. Izigwebo zokwenyani zibonisa izinto ezifana nembali yolwaphulo-mthetho yangaphambili, ubukhali bokuziphatha, imeko yasekhaya, kunye nokuzisola.

2. Isishwankathelo seNdlela yokuGweba

Ukuba utshutshiswa ngokukhawuleza, imithetho yokugweba ngokubanzi phantsi kweCandelo 787(1) iyasebenza:

• Intlawulo ephezulu: Ukufika kwi $ 5,000.
• Ubuninzi bokubanjwa: Kude kube yiminyaka emibini engaphantsi ngemini.
• Isohlwayo esidibeneyo: Isohlwayo kunye nokuvalelwa entolongweni zombini zinokuyalelwa.

Ixesha loMda: Phantsi kweCandelo 786(2), iinkqubo zesishwankathelo ngokubanzi kufuneka ziqale zingadlulanga iinyanga ezili-12 emva kwesiganeko, ngaphandle kokuba umtshutshisi kunye nommangalelwa bavumelana ukuba baqhubeke ngaphaya kwelo thuba.

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