Te Wehenga ina kei Īrāna me Toronto te Hoa Rangatira | Aratohu Whakawhiti-Rohe

Te tuhi: Ka taea e koe te whakarere i Ontario mēnā kei Iran tonu tō hoa rangatira? Tirohia te whakahaere a ngā kōti o Kanata i ngā ratonga o te ao, ngā tikanga ehara i te mea nō Hague, me te whakaae, te whakakore rānei i ngā whakarere o Iran i raro i te ture o Ontario.

Te Wehenga Whakawhiti-Rohe: Kotahi te Hoa Rangatira i Īrāna, Kotahi i Toronto

Te whakatere a te whakarere me te hoa rangatira i Īrāna me Toronto he wero ture motuhake kei roto i ngā pūnaha ture e rua. I te nuinga o te wā, e rua ngā ara ture motuhake: (1) ka tukuna e te hoa rangatira e noho ana i Ontario he tono whakarere ki te Kōti Matua o te Ture, ā, ka tukuna ngā tuhinga ture mō te hoa rangatira i Iran, (2) mēnā kua tukuna kētia he ture whakarere ki Iran, ka tukuna e ngā rōpū he tono ki Ontario hei whakaae, hei whakakore rānei i taua whakataunga ke. Ko ngā ara e rua e whakahaerehia ana e te kāwanatanga ā-motu o Kanata. Ture Whakarere me Ontario Ngā Ture Ture Whānau.

Ko te whakahaere i ngā tukanga ture o te ao me whai rautaki tika. Te pupuri i tētahi pūnaha motuhake rōia whakarere i Toronto at Te Kamupene Ture o Pax mā te whakarite kia tiakina ō tika e pā ana ki te ratonga tukanga, te whai mana whakahaere, me ngā kereme tautoko i roto i ngā kōti o Kanata.

Te Whakataurite i ngā Ara Matua

Ara 1: Te Tīmatanga o te Wehe i Ontario me te Tukanga Mahi i Īrāna

1. Te Mana Whakahaere Kōti me te Ture Noho Ā-ture

I raro i te Wāhanga 3(1) o te Ture Whakarere, RSC 1985, c 3 (2nd Supp), ka whai mana te kooti o Ontario ki te whakarongo ki tētahi tukanga whakarere mēnā kua noho tonu tētahi o ngā hoa rangatira ki te kawanatanga mō te iti rawa i te kotahi tau i mua tonu i te tīmatanga o te tukanga.

He whakaritenga tūturu tēnei mō te noho, ā, kāore e taea te whakakore mā te whakaaetanga a ngā rōpū. E ai ki te kōrero i roto i Ludwig v Ludwig, 2022 ONSC 3359 i te paraka 32, "[k]o te whakaritenga noho o te Ture Whakarere he mea whai tikanga, ehara i te mea he whakaritenga, ā, kāore e taea te whakakore, ahakoa te whakaae a ngā rōpū." Mena kāore tetahi o ngā hoa rangatira e tutuki i tēnei paepae noho kotahi tau, kāore he mana o te kooti o Ontario ki te tuku whakarere.

2. Ngā Take Ture mō te Wehe

I raro i te Wāhanga 8(2) o te Ture WhakarereKa whakatūria te pakaru o te marena mēnā kua noho motuhake ngā hoa rangatira mō te iti rawa i te kotahi tau i mua i te whakataunga o te whakawakanga, mēnā rānei kua puremu te hoa rangatira o te kaiwhakautu, kua tukinotia rānei te kaitono e te tukino tinana, hinengaro rānei, ā, kāore e taea te whakamanawanui i te noho tahi tonu.

3. Te Ratonga Tukanga i Īrāna me te Horopaki o te Kawenata o Hague

Kāore a Iran i haina i te Hague Service Convention. Kua whakaūtia tēnei mana whakahaere i roto i ngā ture o Kanata, pērā i Tracy v Īrāna (Mōhiohio me te Haumarutanga), 2017 ONCA 549, e kī ana "Kāore a Īrāna i te haina i tēnei kawenata [Hague Service Convention]."

Nā te mea kāore a Iran i roto i te kawenata, kāore e taea te tuku ratonga mā te Mana Matua. Engari, me tutuki te ratonga i ngā whakaritenga a Ontario. Ngā Ture Ture WhānauHei mahi ki tētahi rōpū i Īrāna mā te whakamahi i tētahi atu tikanga, me tuku e te kaitono he tono mō te mahi whakakapi. Ture 6(15) o te Ngā Ture Ture Whānau e kī ana ka taea e te kooti te whakahau i tētahi ratonga whakakapi mēnā ka whakaratohia e te rōpū neke he taunakitanga taipitopito e whakaatu ana i ngā mahi i mahia hei kimi, hei mahi rānei i te tangata, ā, e whakaatu ana ka taea te tumanako ka kawea mai te tuhinga ki te aro o te tangata e te tikanga kua whakaarohia. Ka whakaaetia hoki e te Ture 6(16) te tuku ratonga mēnā kāore e angitu ngā mahi whaitake.

E ai ki te Ture 10(2) o te Ngā Ture Ture Whānau, ina tukuna he tono ki waho o Kanata, o te Hononga o Amerika rānei, ko te wā mō te tuku me te tuku whakautu he 60 ngā rā. I ngā take pēnei i Tiwari v Tiwari, 2018 ONSC 6697, kua whakaū ngā kōti i ngā tikanga ratonga whakakapi—pēnei i te īmēra, te mēra rehita, ngā māngai ā-rohe rānei—ina whakaaturia ngā whakaritenga taketake. Hei tāpiri, e whakaaturia ana i roto i Abdulla v Al-Kayem, 2021 ONSC 3562, mēnā ka tukuna tika te tono ki tētahi hoa rangatira o tāwāhi ki tāwāhi, ā, kāore e whakautu mai, ka taea te whakahaere i te take hei whakarere kore tautohe i mua i te kooti o Ontario.

Ara 2: Te Whakaae, te Whakakore rānei i te Wehenga o Iran i Ontario

Mena kua tukuna kētia he ture whakarere i Iran, ka arotakehia tōna mana ture i Kanata i raro i te Wāhanga 22 o te Ture WhakarereKa taea e ngā rōpū te arotake i ngā ture whānui mā roto i tētahi rōia whakarere i Kanata kia mārama ai ki te whakahaeretanga o te whakamanatanga ā-motu puta noa i ngā kawanatanga.

1. Pūtake Whakamana Ture

I raro i te Wāhanga 22(1) o te Ture Whakarere, ka whakaaetia te whakarere i tāwāhi i tukuna e tētahi mana whai mana i Kanata mēnā i noho pūmau tētahi o ngā hoa rangatira o mua ki taua mana whenua o tāwāhi mō te iti rawa i te kotahi tau i mua tonu i te tīmatanga o ngā tukanga whakarere.

2. Te Pūtake o te Ture Whānui

E tiakina ana e te Wāhanga 22(3) ngā ture ture noa e pā ana ki te whakamanatanga o te whakarere i tāwāhi. E ai ki te whakaū i roto i Hamadanizadeh v Haydarian, 2023 ONSC 4970 i te paraka 14, e whakaae ana ngā kōti o Kanata ki ngā whakarere i tāwāhi i runga i: (1) te kāinga noho, (2) ngā āhuatanga e rite ana ki ngā ture mana whakahaere o Kanata, (3) rānei he hononga tūturu, he hononga nui tō tētahi o ngā rōpū ki te mana whakahaere o tāwāhi. Mena ka kōrero ngā rōpū ki te kōti o tāwāhi, kāore e hiahiatia he uiuinga mō tētahi hononga tūturu, he hononga nui.

3. Ngā Take mō te Whakakore i te Whakaaetanga o te Wehenga Iranian

Ahakoa te āhua tika o te whakarere i tāwāhi, ka taea e te Kōti o Ontario te whakakore i te whakaaetanga i runga i ngā parenga ture e toru kua whakatūria:

• Te Kore o te Hononga Tuturu me te Hononga Matua: In Hamadanizadeh, i whakakahore te kooti ki te whakaae ki te whakarere i Irania nā te mea ko te kāinga tūturu o ngā rōpū kei Ontario. E kī ana te pararāfu 41 kāore i te tika te tāne ki te "whakahaere kōrero" mā te tīmata i ngā mahi i Irania i te wā e noho ana, e mahi ana te whānau i Ontario.
• Te Whakakahore i te Tika Taiao: Ka rite ki te korero i te Āpara i te pararāfu 19, ka taea te whakakore i ngā whakataunga i runga i ngā take tinihanga, te kore o te tika tūturu (pēnei i te kore whakamōhiotanga, te kore rānei e taea te whai wāhi), te kaupapa here tūmatanui rānei.
• Ngā Parenga Kaupapahere Tūmatanui: In Nourjamaly v Badkoobeh, 2025 ONSC 5736, i whakakahore te kooti ki te whakaae ki te whakarere a Iran i runga i ngā kaupapa here tūmatanui. I roto i te Paraka 193, i kīia ko ngā whakaritenga ture whānau Iran e pā ana ki ngā hua ōhanga i te pakaru o te marena he mea rerekē ki ngā kaupapa here me ngā mātāpono tūmatanui e whakaatuhia ana i roto i te Wāhanga 15 o te Kāreti Tika me ngā Herekore o Kanata.

Ngā Huanga o te Whakamōhiotanga Wehewehe i Tawahi mō te Āwhina Pūtea

He nui ngā pānga pūtea o te whakataunga ture mō te whakaaetia o te whakarere i Irania. I raro i te kaupapa kua whakarārangihia i roto i Ōkimianski ā, i whakahuatia i roto i Ludwig i te pararāfu 130, ina whakamanahia he ture whakarere i tāwāhi, ā, kua whakaaetia i Ontario, kāore e taea te tono tautoko mō te hoa rangatira i muri mai i raro i te Ture Whakarere rānei ki Ontario Ture Ture WhānauNō reira, ko te whakatū, te wero rānei i te mana o tētahi ture whakarere i tāwāhi te mea tika hei whakatau mēnā kei te wātea tonu ngā kereme tautoko tāpiri i Kanata.

Mō te māngai kua whakaritea mō te whakakorenga marena whakawhiti-rohe, whakapā mai Te Kamupene Ture o Pax ki te matapaki i ō kōwhiringa ture me tētahi tīma ture mātau.

Pātai Auau

1. Ka taea e au te tono whakarere i Ontario mēnā kei Īrāna taku hoa rangatira e noho ana?

Āe, mena kua noho tonu koe, tō hoa rangatira rānei ki Ontario mō te tau kotahi i mua tonu i te tīmatanga o te whakawakanga i raro i te Wāhanga 3(1) o te Ture Whakarere.

2. Me pēhea te tuku i ngā tuhinga a te kooti ki te hoa rangatira e noho ana i Īrāna?

Nā te mea ehara a Iran i te kaihaina o te Hague Service Convention, ka whakahaerehia te ratonga i raro i ngā Ture Ture Whānau o Ontario, e hiahiatia ana he whakatau a te kooti mō te ratonga whakakapi mā te īmēra, mēra, māngai ture rānei i raro i te Ture 6(15).

3. Kia pēhea te roa o te wā e wātea ana ki te hoa rangatira i Īrāna hei whakautu i tētahi tono whakarere i Ontario?

E ai ki te Ture 10(2) o ngā Ture Whānau, e 60 ngā rā e tukuna ana ki tētahi rōpū e mahi ana i waho o Kanata, o te Hononga o Amerika rānei, hei tuku whakautu, hei tuku whakautu hoki.

4. Ka whakaaetia aunoatia te whakarere a te wahine Iranian i Ontario?

E whakaaetia ana te whakarere i Irania i raro i te Wahanga 22 o te Ture Whakarere mēnā he tangata noho, he hononga tūturu rānei, engari ka āhei ngā kōti o Kanata te whakakore i te whakaaetanga i runga i ngā take pēnei i te kaupapa here tūmatanui, te kore rānei o te tika tūturu.

5. Ka pēhea ngā kereme tautoko a te hoa rangatira mēnā ka whakaaetia te whakarere i Irania i Kanata?

E ai ki te ture kēhi o Kanata, mēnā ka whakamanahia he ture whakarere i tāwāhi i Ontario, ka āraia ngā kereme mō ngā awhina ā-ture pēnei i te tautoko a te hoa rangatira i raro i te Ture Whakarere, i te Ture Ture Whānau rānei.