Iex yakho ifuna ukuqhawula umtshato. Ngaba unokuchasa? Impendulo emfutshane nguhayi. Impendulo ende kukuba, kuxhomekeke.
Umthetho woqhawulo-mtshato eCanada
Uqhawulo-mtshato phakathi Khanada ilawulwa yi Umthetho woqhawulo-mtshato, RSC 1985, c. 3 (2nd Supp.). Uqhawulo-mtshato lufuna kuphela imvume yeqela elinye eKhanada. Umdla woluntu ucetyiswa ekunikezeni abantu inkululeko yokuqhawula umtshato phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo ngaphandle kokucalula okungeyomfuneko kunye nezithintelo, ezifana nomntu owayesafuna ukuqhawula umtshato njengeqhina leengxoxo.
Izizathu zoqhawulo-mtshato
Uqhawulo-mtshato lusekelwe ekuwohlokeni komtshato mhlawumbi unyaka omnye wokwahlukana, ukukrexeza, okanye inkohlakalo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iimeko apho uqhawulo-mtshato lungenakuvunyelwa okanye luthathwe ngaphambi kwexesha ngexesha elithile kwiinkqubo zenkundla.
Amalungiselelo oMthetho kunye nokuKhethekileyo
Ngokutsho kukas. 11 kwi Umthetho woqhawulo-mtshato, ngumsebenzi wenkundla ukuthintela uqhawulo-mtshato ukuba:
a) kubekho intsebenziswano kwisicelo soqhawulo-mtshato;
b) amalungiselelo afanelekileyo eNkxaso yoMntwana kubantwana bomtshato awenziwanga; okanye
c) kubekho uxolelo okanye uxolelo kwicala leqabane elinye kwiinkqubo zoqhawulo-mtshato.
Iimeko ezithile phantsi koMthetho woqhawulo-mtshato
ICandelo le-11(a) lithetha ukuba amaqela axokayo malunga nomba othile wesicelo soqhawulo-mtshato kwaye enza ubuqhophololo ngokuchasene nenkundla.
ICandelo le-11(b) lithetha ukuba amaqela kufuneka enze amalungiselelo aqinisekileyo eNkxaso yoMntwana, ngokwezikhokelo ezigunyaziswe ngurhulumente, akhona phambi kokuba kunikezelwe uqhawulo-mtshato. Ngeenjongo zoqhawulo-mtshato, inkundla ixhalabele kuphela ukuba ngaba amalungiselelo eNkxaso yoMntwana enziwe kusini na, kungekuko nokuba ayahlawulwa na. La malungiselelo anokwenziwa ngeSivumelwano soKwahlula, uMyalelo weNkundla, okanye ngenye indlela.
Ngaphantsi kok. 11(c), uxolelo kunye nokudityaniswa zezoqhawulo-mtshato ezisekelwe ekukrexezeni nakwinkohlakalo. Inkundla inokufumanisa ukuba elinye iqabane liye laxolela elinye ngokukrexeza okanye inkohlakalo okanye elinye iqabane lanceda elinye ekwenzeni eso senzo.
Iingqwalasela zoMthetho eziqhelekileyo
Ngokomthetho oqhelekileyo, izicelo zoqhawulo-mtshato nazo zinokurhoxiswa ukuba ukunika uqhawulo-mtshato kuya kumcalula ngokunzulu omnye umntu. Uxanduva lokungqina lo mkhethe lubekwe kwiqela elichasa uqhawulo-mtshato. Umthwalo ke utshintshela kwelinye icala ukubonisa ukuba uqhawulo-mtshato kusafuneka lunikezelwe.
Isifundo: Gill v. Benipal
Kwityala lamva nje leNkundla yesiBheno yaseBC, Gill v. Benipal, 2022 BCCA 49, INkundla Yezibheno yasikhaba isigqibo sejaji yokunganiki uqhawulo-mtshato kuMfaki-sicelo.
Ummangalelwa uthe ucalucalulo luya kuphuma ekuphulukaneni nemeko yakhe njengeqabane njengoko wayeseIndiya ngexesha lo bhubhani, wayenobunzima bokuyala ingcebiso, owayesakuba ngumfazi wakhe wanikezela ngesibhengezo semali esingonelanga, kwaye owayesakuba ngumfazi wakhe akanakuba nayo nayiphi na inkuthazo yokujongana nemiba yezemali ukuba uqhawulo-mtshato. zanikwa. Elokugqibela libango eliqhelekileyo ekulibazisekeni koqhawulo-mtshato, njengoko kukho inkxalabo xa uqhawulo-mtshato luvunyiwe lokuba elinye iqela alisayi kuphinda lisebenzisane kulwahlulo lwempahla nempahla ngokulahlekelwa sisimo njengeqabane elichase uqhawulo-mtshato.
Nangona wayenenkxalabo ebambekayo, inkundla ayizange yaneliseke ukuba uMmangalelwa wayenocalucalulo kwaye uqhawulo-mtshato luye lwavunywa ekugqibeleni. Ekubeni uxanduva lukwicala elichasayo loqhawulo-mtshato lokubonisa ikhethe, ijaji yenkundla yenza impazamo ngokuyalela umyeni anikele izizathu zokuluqhawula umtshato. Ngokukodwa, iNkundla yesiBheno ibhekiselele kwisicatshulwa esivela Daley v. Daley [[1989] BCJ 1456 (SC)], igxininisa ukuba ukulibazisa uqhawulo-mtshato akufuneki kusetyenziswe njengecebo leengxoxo:
“Ukuvunywa koqhawulo-mtshato, ngokufanelekileyo phambi kweNkundla, akufanele kuthintelwe njengendlela yeNkundla ukunyanzela naliphi na icala ukuba lingene kwisisombululo seminye imiba kwiingxoxo. INkundla, kweli nqanaba lenkqubo, kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ayikho kwimeko yokugqiba ukuba ngaba ukwala okanye ukucotha kweqela ukuhlawula iziphumo zebango kuphela ngenxa yokungathobeli kwakhe, ngenxa yobuninzi besilumkiso, okanye ukusuka kwinto ethile esemthethweni. isizathu sokwenza njalo.”
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